Erişkinler için kardiyopulmoner resüsitasyon II - İleri yaşam desteği

KPR, temel yaşam desteği (TYD), ileri yaşam desteği (İYD) ve resüsitasyon sonrası desteği içerir. TYD, havayolu açıklığının sağlanması, yapay solunum ve kapalı toıaks kompresyonlanyla dolaşımın sağlanmasını kapsar. İYD ise gelişmiş araç gereçlerle havayolu açıklığının ve ventilasyonun sağlanması ile, erken defibrilasyon ve farmakolojik tedaviyi içerir. 2000 yılı ağustos ayında Amerikan Kalp Derneği (AHA) ve Avrupa Resüsitasyon Konseyi (ERC) tarafından İYD hakkında bilgileri de içeren " Kardiyopulmoner resüsitasyon ve acil kardiyovasküler bakım. Uluslararası bilimde görüş birliği" yayınlanmıştır. Bu yazıda, yeniden düzenlenmiş olan İYD kılavuzu gözden geçirilmektedir.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation for adults II. Advances cardiac life support

CPR is classified as basic life support (BLS), advanced life support (ALS) and post resuscitation support. BLS consists of provision of a patent upper airway, artificial ventilation and circulation of blood by closed chest cardiac compressions. ALS includes use of specialized equipment to maintain the airway, early defibrillation and pharmacologic therapy. In August 2000, the American Heart Association and the European Resuscitation Council published the "Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. An International Consensus an Science" which include a section on advanced life support (ALS). In this article, the details of the revised guidelines for ALS are reviewed.

PDF

___

1. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: International Consensus on Science. Part 1: Introduction to the International Guidelines 2000 for CPR and ECC: A Consensus on Science. Circulation 2000; 102:11-111
2. de Latorre F, Nolan J, Robertson C, Chamberlain D, Baskett P; European Resuscitation Council. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2000 for Adult Advanced Life Support. A statement from the Advanced Life Support Working Group (1) and approved by the Executive Committee of the European Resuscitation Council. Resuscitation 2001; 48:211-221.
3. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: International Consensus on Science Part 6: Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: Section 1: Introduction to ACLS 2000: Overview of Recommended Changes in ACLS From the Guidelines 2000 Conference. Circulation 2000; 102:186-189.
4. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 6: advanced cardiovascular life support: section 7: algorithm approach to ACLS emergencies: section 7A: principles and practice of ACLS. The American Heart Association in collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Circulation 2000; 102:1136-1139.
5. Field JM; American Heart Association. Update on cardiac resuscitation for sudden death: International Guidelines 2000 on Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care. Curr Opin Cardiol 2003; 18:14-25.
6. Eliot C and Sandier DA. The Resuscitation Council (UK) recommends a precordial thump as first treatment of a witnessed or in monitored cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2000; 47:91-92.
7. Cavalli A. Commotio cordis: a precordial thump. Heart 1999; 82:534.
8. Miller J, Tresch D, Horwitz L, Thompson BM, Aprahamian C, Darin JC. The precordial thump. Ann Emerg Med 1984; 13:791-794.
9. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Part 6: Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: Section 2: Defibrillation. Circulation 2000; 102:190-194.
10. European Resuscitation Council. Advanced life support, course. Provider Manuel. 4th ed. Nolan J, Baskett P, Gwinnutt C, de Latorre F, Lockey A, Mitchell S, Soar J (eds) Belgium 2001, Chapter 10, 83-88 . 11. Bossaert L and Koster R. Defibrillation: Methods and strategies. A statement for the Advanced Life Support Working Party of the European Resuscitation Council. Resuscitation 1992; 24: 211-225.
12. Kerber RE. Electrical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias: defibrillation and cardioversion. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:296-301.
13. Graham-Garcia J, Heath J, Andrews J. Defibrillation and biphasic shocks: Implications for perianesthesia nursing. J Perianesth Nurs 2005; 20:23-34
14. Higgins SL, O'Grady SG, Banville I, Chapman FW, Schmitt PW, Lank P, Walker RG, Ilina M. Efficacy of lower-energy biphasic shocks for transthoracic defibrillation: a follow-up clinical study. Prehosp Emerg Care 2004; 8:262-267.
15. Torok R and Till J. Biphasic or monophasic defibrillation for adult ventricular fibrillation. Emerg Med J 2003; 20:464-465.
16. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Part 6: Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: Section 3: Adjuncts for Oxygenation, Ventilation, and Airway Control. Circulation 2000; 102:195-1104.
17. Stone BJ, Chantler PJ, Baskett PJ. The incidence of regurgitation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a comparison between the bag valve mask and laryngeal mask airway. Resuscitation 1998; 38:3-6.
18. Doerges V, Sauer C, Ocker H, Wenzel V, Schmucker P. Airway nagement during cardiopulmonary resuscitation-a comparative study of bag-valve-mask, laryngeal mask airway and combitube in a bench model. Resuscitation 1999; 41: 63-69.
19. Kurola J, Harve H, Kettunen T, Laakso JP, Gorski J, Paakkonen H, Silfvast T. Airway management in cardiac arrest—comparison of the laryngeal tube, tracheal intubation and bag-valve mask ventilation in emergency medical training. Resuscitation 2004; 61:149-153.
20. Pennant JH and Walker MB. Comparison of the endotracheal tube and the laryngeal mask in airway management by paramedical personnel. Anesth Analg 1992; 74:531-534.
21. Atherton GL and Johnson GC. Ability of paramedics to use the combitube in prehospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1263-1268.
22. Blostein PA, Koestner AJ, Hoak S. Failed rapid sequence intubation in trauma patients: esophageal tracheal combitube is a useful adjunct. J Trauma 1998; 44:534-537.
23. Tanigawa K and Shigematsu A. Choice of airway devices for 12,020 cases of nontraumatic cardiac arrest in Japan. Prehosp Emerg Care 1998; 2:96-100.
24. Vezina D, Lessard MR, Bussieres J, Topping C, Trepanier CA. Complications associated with the use of the esophageal-tracheal combitube. Can J Anaesth 1998; 45:76-80.
25. Gabrielli A, Layon AJ, Wenzel V, Dorges V, Idris AH. Alternative ventilation strategies in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8:199-211.
26. Dorph E, Wik L, Steen PA. Arterial blood gases with 700 ml tidal volumes during out-of-hospital CPR. Resuscitation 2004; 61:23-27.
27. Emerman CL, Pinchak AC, Hancock D, Hagen JF. Effect of injection site on circulation times during cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 1988; 16:1138-1141.
28. Vincent R. Drugs in modern resuscitation. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79:188-197.
29. LaRocco BG and Wang HE. Intraosseous infusion. Prehosp Emerg Care 2003;7: 280-285.
30. Macnab A, Christenson J, Findlay J, Horwood B, Johnson D, Jones L, Phillips K, Pollack C Jr, Robinson DJ, Rumball C, Stair T, Tiffany B, Whelan MA. New system for sternal intraosseous infusion in adults. Prehosp Emerg Care 2000; 4:173-177.
31. McCarthy G, O'Donnell C, O'Brien M. Successful intraosseous infusion in the critically ill patient does not require a medullary cavity. Resuscitation 2003;56:183-186.
32. Clem M and Tierney P. Intraosseous infusions via the calcaneus. Resuscitation 2004; 62:107-112.
33. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 6: advanced cardiovascular life support: section 6: pharmacology II: agents to optimize cardiac output and blood pressure. The American Heart Association in collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Circulation 2000; 102:1129-135.
34. Smith MA. Use of vasopressors in the treatment of cardiac arrest. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2005; 17:71-75.
35. Efrati O, Ben-Abraham R, Barak A, Modan-Moses D, Augarten A, Manisterski Y, Barzilay Z, Paret G. Endobronchial adrenaline: should it be reconsidered? Dose response and haemodynamic effect in dogs. Resuscitation. 2003; 59:117-122.
36.' Rainer TH and Robertson CE. Adrenaline, cardiac arrest, and evidence based medicine. J Accid Emerg Med 1996; 13:234-237.
37. Brown CG, Martin DR, Pepe PE, Stueven H, Cummins RO, Gonzalez E, Jastremski M. A comparison of standard-dose and high-dose epinephrine in cardiac arrest outside the hospital. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1051-1055
38. Fischer M, Fischer N, Schuttler J. Which dosage concept for adrenaline is correct in cardiopulmonary resuscitation? A data analysis of preclinical resuscitations. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 1995; 30:350-356.
39. Sarkozy A and Dorian P. Strategies for reversing shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2003; 9:189-193.
40. Krismer AC, Wenzel V, Stadlbauer KH, Mayr VD, Lienhart HG, Arntz HR, Lindner KH. Vasopressin during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A progress report. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:432-5.
41. Pellis T, Weil MH, Tang W, Sun S, Xie J, Song L, Checchia P. Evidence favoring the use of an D2-selective vasopressor agent for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 2003; 108: 2716-2721.
42. Wenzel V, Krismer AC, Arntz HR, Sitter H, Stadlbauer KH, Lindner KH; European Resuscitation Council Vasopressor during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Study Group A comparison of vasopressin and epinephrine for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:105-113.
43. Biondi-Zoccai GG, Abbate A, Parisi Q, Agostoni P, Burzotta F, Sandroni C, Zardini P, Biasucci LM. Is vasopressin superior to adrenaline or placebo in the management of cardiac arrest? A meta-analysis. Resuscitation 2003; 59:221-224.
44. Wenzel V, Lindner KH, Prengel AW, Lurie KG, Strohmenger HU. Endobronchial vasopressin improves survival during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Anesthesiology 1997; 86:1375-1381.
45. Efrati O, Barak A, Ben-Abraham R, Modan-Moses D, Berkovitch M, Manisterski Y, Lotan D, Barzilay Z, Paret G. Should vasopressin replace adrenaline for endotracheal drug administration? Crit Care Med 2003; 31:572-576.
46. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Part 6: Part 6: Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: Section 5: Pharmacology I: Agents for Arrhythmias. Circulation 2000;102:I112-I128.
47. Dorian P, Cass D, Schwartz B, Cooper R, Gelaznikas R, Barr A. Amiodarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:884-890.
48. Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK, Cummins RO, Doherty AM, Fahrenbruch CE, Hallstrom AP, Murray WA, Olsufka M, Walsh T. Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 871-878.
49. Taylor SE. Amiodarone: an emergency medicine perspective. Emerg Med 2002; 14:422-429.
50. Skrifvars MB, Kuisma M, Boyd J, Maatta T, Repo J, Rosenberg PH, Castren M. The use of undiluted amiodarone in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48:582-587.
51. Dorian P, Fain ES, Davy JM, Winkle RA .Lidocaine causes a reversible, concentration dependent increase in defibrillation energy requirements. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 8:327-332.
52. Kerber RE, Pandian NG, Jensen SR, Constantin L, Kieso RA, Melton J, Hunt M, Effect of lidocaine and bretylium on energy requirements for transthoracic defibrillation: experimental studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: 397-405.
53. Echt DS, Black IN, Barbey JT, Coxe DR, Cato E. Evaluation of antiarrhythmic drugs on defibrillation energy requirements in dogs. Sodium channel block and action potential prolongation. Circulation 1989; 79:1106-117.
54. Levy MM. An evidence-based evaluation of the use of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary. resuscitation. Crit Care Clin 1998;14:457-483.
55. Liu X, Nozari A, Rubertsson S, Wiklund L. Buffer administration during CPR promotes cerebral reperfusion after return of spontaneous circulation and mitigates post-resuscitation cerebral acidosis.Resuscitation 2002; 55:45-55.
56. Bar-Joseph G, Abramson NS, Jansen-McWilliams L, Kelsey SF, Mashiach T, Craig MT, Safar P; Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial III (BRCT III) Study Group Clinical use of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation-is it used sensibly? Resuscitation 2002; 54:47-55. 57. Paraskos JA. Cardiovascular pharmacology. Ill: Atropine, calcium, calcium blockers, and beta-blockers. Circulation 1986; 74: IV86-89.
58. Thompson BM, Steuven HS, Tonsfeldt DJ, Aprahamian C, Troiano PF, Kastenson GH, Hendley GE, Mateer JR, Tucker JF. Calcium: limited indications, some danger. Circulation 1986; 74: IV90-93.
59. Stueven HA, Thompson B, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ, Kastenson EH. Lack of effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory asystole. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 630-632.
60. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: International Consensus on Science. Part 6: Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: Section 4: Devices to Assist Circulation. Circulation 2000; 102:1105-1111
61. Wigginton JG, Miller AH, Benitez FL, Pepe PE. Mechanical devi¬ ces for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005; 11:219-223.
62. Sanders AB, Kern KB, Otto CW, Milander MM, Ewy GA. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A prognostic indicator for survival. JAMA 1989; 262:1347-1351.
63. Callaham M and Barton C. Prediction of outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation from end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:358-362.
64. Levine RL, Wayne MA, Miller CC. End-tidal carbon dioxide and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 301-306.
65. Ahrens T, Schallom L, Bettorf K, Ellner S, Hurt G, O'Mara V, Ludwig J, George W, Marino T, Shannon W. End-tidal carbon dioxide measurements as a prognostic indicator of outcome in cardiac arrest. Am J Crit Care 2001; 10: 391-398.
66. Pfeifer R, Borner A, Krack A, Sigusch HH, Surber R, Figulla HR. Outcome after cardiac arrest: predictive values and limitations of the neuroproteins neuron-specific enolase and protein S-100 and the Glasgow Coma Scale. Resuscitation 2005; 65:49-55.
67. Zingler VC, Krumm B, Bertsch T, Fassbender K, Pohlmann-Eden B. Early prediction of neurological outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a multimodal approach combining neurobiochemical and electrophysiological investigations may provide high prognostic certainty in patients after cardiac arrest. Eur Neurol 2003; 49: 79-84.
68. Rothstein TL. Recovery from near death following cerebral anoxia: A case report demonstrating superiority of median somatosensory evoked potentials over EEG in predicting a favorable outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2004; 60:335-341.
69. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 2: ethical aspects of CPR and ECC. Circulation 2000; 102:112-121.
70. Larkin GL. Termination of resuscitation: the art of clinical decision making. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8:224-229.
71. de Vos R, Oosterom L, Koster RW, de Haan RJ. Decisions to terminate resuscitation. Resuscitation Committee. Resuscitation 1998;39:7-13.