KÜRESEL KAMUSAL BİR MAL (VEYA KÖTÜ) OLARAK GÖÇ

Göç olgusu günümüzde küresel bir boyut kazanmıştır. Savaşlar ve politik çatışmalar dünya çapında bir sığınmacı sorununa yol açarken, ekonomik olumsuzluklar ülke içi veya ülkeler arası göçleri hızlandırmakta ve sürdürülemez büyüme ve kalkınma politikalarına bağlı olarak da iklim ve çevre temelli nüfus akımlarında artış gözlenmektedir. Bu bakımdan göçü, bir küresel kamusal mal (veya küresel kamusal kötü) olarak ele almak gerçekçi bir yaklaşım şekli olacaktır. Keza göç, artık bölgesel veya ulusal sınırlar içerisinde düşünülemeyecek kadar geniş kapsamlı bir ölçeğe ulaşmış olup, dünya üzerinde olumlu ya da olumsuz etkilere yol açabilmektedir. Göç olgusu, meydana getirdiği köklü değişimler ile ulusal veya uluslararası alanda pozitif veya negatif dışsallıklar yaratmaktadır. Göç bir yandan kentleşme dinamiklerini yeniden düzenlerken, bir yandan da verimlilik ve büyüme verileri üzerinde belirleyici olmaktadır. Devlet bütçesi içerisinde özellikle harcama kalemleri, ulusal veya uluslararası göç akımlarından önemli ölçüde etkilenmektedir. Ayrıca göç olgusu, toplumsal yapıyı dönüştürme özelliği de taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; göç olgusunu küresel kamusal mal ve(ya) küresel kamusal kötü perspektiflerinden ele alarak, meydana getirdiği etkileri üzerinden irdelemektir. Çalışma göçün ekonomik, mali, sosyal, kültürel ve politik boyutlarını içermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Küresel kamusal mal, Küresel kamusal kötü, Göç

Migration As A Global Good (or Bad)

The phenomenon of migration has gained a global dimension today. While wars and political conflicts lead a word-wide refugee problem, economic negativities speed up domestic or international migrations and it is observed that there is an increase in environment or climate based population flows depending on unsustainable growth and development policies. In this respect, it will be a realistic approach to handle migration as a global public good (or global public bad). Likewise, migration has accessed a comprehensive scale which can no longer be considered within regional or national boundaries and it may result in either positive or negative impacts on the globe. The phenomenon of migration creates positive or negative externalities in the national and international area with the radical changes it generates. While on the one hand, migration reorganizes the dynamics of urbanization, on the other hand it becomes determinant on productivity and growth data. Particularly spending items in the government budget are highly affected by national or international migration flows. Besides, the migration phenomenon has the characteristics of transforming social structure. The aim of this study is to approach the migration phenomenon from the perspectives of global public good and/or global public bad and to examine in terms of its impacts. The study covers economic, financial, social, cultural and political dimensions of migration.

Keywords:

Global public good, Global public bad, Migration,

PDF

___

Abramitzky, R. ve Boustan, L. (2017). Immigration in American Economic History. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(4), pp. 1-36.Aktel, M. (2003). Küreselleşme ve Türk Kamu Yönetimi. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım. Andersen, E. A. ve Lindsnaes, B. (2007). Public Goods: Concept, Definition, and Method. in E. A. Andersen & B. Lindsnaes (Ed.), Towards New Global Strategies: Public Goods and Human Rights. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp. 29-52.Bairoch, P. ve Goertz, G. (1986). Factors of Urbanisation in The Nineteenth Century Developed Countries: A Descriptive And Econometric Analysis. Urban Studies, 23, pp. 285-305.BBC (2018). Europe and Nationalism: A Country-By-Country Guide. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36130006, (Erişim Tarihi: 26.02.2019).Billiet, J., Meuleman, B. ve De Vitte, H. (2014). The Relationship Between Ethnic Threat and Economic Insecurity in Times of Economic Crisis: Analysis of European Social Survey Data. Migration Studies, 2(2), pp. 135-161.Blau, F. D. (2016). The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration. https://www.nap.edu/resource/23550/immigration_webinar.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2019).Bonin, H. (2017). The Potential Economic Benefits of Education of Migrants in the EU. IZA Research Report No. 75.De La Rica, S., Glitz, A. ve Ortega, F. (2013). Immigration in Europe: Trends, Policies and Empirical Evidence. IZA Discussion Paper No. 7778.Development Initiatives (2016), Measuring Aid to Global Public Goods (GPGS): An Approach to Estimating Funding for Gpgs from Providers of Official Development Assistance. http://devinit.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Measuring-aid-to-global-public-goods-GPGs-Discussion-paper-July-2016.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019).Dinkovski, V. ve Markovska-Simoska, S. (2018). Brain Drain as a Function of Sustainable Development in the Republic of Macedonia. Industrija, 46(1), pp. 173-188.Docquier, F. (2014). The Brain Drain from Developing Countries. IZA World of Labor, 31, pp. 1-10.Ekici, S. ve Tuncel, G. (2015). Göç ve İnsan. Birey ve Toplum, 5(9), ss. 9-22.European Commission (2018). European Migrations: Dynamics, Drivers, and the Role of Policies. Brussels: European Union.Eurostat (2011). Migrants in Europe: A Statistical Portrait of the First and Second Generation. Brussels: European Union.Freeman, G. P. (1986). Migration and the Political Economy of the Welfare State. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 485, pp. 51-63.Genel, M. G. (2014). Almanya’ya Giden İlk Türk İşçi Göçünün Türk Basınındaki İzdüşümü: Sirkeci Garı’ndan Munchen Hauptbahnhof’a. Selçuk İletişim, 8(3), ss. 301-338.Ghosh, J. (2011). Fear of Foreigners: Recession and Racism in Europe. Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts, 4(2), pp. 183-190.Gümüş, E. (2013). Uluslararası Kamu Malları Kavramı. içinde F. Tekin ve M. O. Arslan (Ed.), Uluslararası Kamu Maliyesi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, ss. 26-49.Hall, M., Singer, A., De Jong, G. F. ve Graefe, D. R. (2011). The Geography of Immigrant Skills: Educational Profiles of Metropolitan Areas. Washington D.C: Brookings.International Labour Organization (2015). ILO Global Estimates on Migrant Workers: Results and Methodology. Geneva: ILO. International Organization For Migration (2008). Migration and Climate Change. Geneva: IOM.International Organization For Migration (2018). World Migration Report 2018. Geneva: IOM.Karataş, A. ve Kılıç, S. (2017). Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Gelişme ve Yeşil Alanlar. SİYASAL: Journal of Political Sciences, 26(2), ss. 53-78.Kaul, I., Grunberg, I. ve Stern, M. A. (1999). Global Public Goods: Concepts, Policies and Strategies. in I. Kaul, I. Grunberg ve M. A. Stern (Ed.), Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 450-507.Kaul, I., Conceição, P., Le Goulven, K. ve Mendoza, R. U. (2003). How to Improve The Provision of Global Public Goods. in I. Kaul, P. Conceição, K. Le Goulven ve R. U. Mendoza (Ed.), Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 21-58.Kirmanoğlu, H., Yılmaz, B. E. ve Susam, N. (2006). Maliye Teorisi’nin Çıkmazı: Küresel Kamusal Mallar (Kalkınma Yardımları İçinde Küresel Kamusal Malların Finansmanı). Maliye Dergisi, 150, ss. 25-52.Knight, J., Mcconnell, S. A. ve Baker, L. W. (2000). Ancient Civilizations Almanac. USA: U.X.L Ancient Civilizations Reference Library. Koudela, P. (2013). A Brief History of Immigration Policy in the United States. West Bohemian Historical Review, 3(2), pp. 43-62.Krogstad, J. M. ve Radford, I. (2018). Education Levels of U.S. Immigrants are on the Rise, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/09/14/education-levels-of-u-s-immigrants-are-on-the-rise/, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2019).Milanovic, B. (2013). The Economic Causes of Migration after Lampedusa: Should the World be Composed of Gated Communities?. https://www.theglobalist.com/economic-causes-migration/, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2018).Mohapatra, S., Moreno-Dodson, B. ve Ratha, D. (2012). Migration, Taxation, and Inequality. The World Bank Economic Premise, 80, pp. 1-5.Neuman, W. ve Goodman, D. (2018). New York City’s $89 Billion Budget Includes Discount Transit Fare Plan. New York Times, 11.05.2018.Orrenius, P. M. ve Zavodny, M. (2018). Does Migration Cause Income İnequality?. https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=texasmexico-research, (Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2019).Rubenstein, J. M. (2018). The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. UK: Pearson.Skiba, Ł. (2017). The Problem of Multiculturalism in the Context of Conflict. Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 5(1), pp. 33-42.Tümtaş, M. S. ve Ergun, C. (2016). Göçün Toplumsal ve Mekânsal Yapı Üzerindeki Etkileri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(4), ss. 1347-1359.Türk Dil Kurumu (1998). Türkçe Sözlük-1. Cilt (A-J). Ankara: TDK.Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (2018). Göç ve Uyum Raporu. Ankara: TBMM İnsan Haklarını İnceleme Komisyonu. UNHCR (2016). Global Trends: Forced Diplacement in 2016. Geneva: The UN Refugee Agency. UNHCR (2017). Global Trends: Forced Diplacement in 2017. Geneva: The UN Refugee Agency.UNHCR (2018). Refugees Bear Cost of Massive Underfunding. https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2018/10/5bbc57d94/refugees-bear-cost-massive-underfunding.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2019).United Nations (2017). International Migration Report 2017: Highlights. New York: UN.United Nations (2018). The World’s Cities in 2018. New York: UN.Uttara, S., Bhuvandas, N. ve Aggarwal, V. (2012). Impacts of Urbanisation on Environment. International Journal of Research in Engineering & Applied Sciences, 2(2), pp. 1637-1645.World Bank (2017). The World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2019).