Kurumsal Yapı ve Terör İlişkisinin Toplumsal Maliyeti

Terörizm, siyasi, tarihsel, kültürel, ekonomik, ideolojik ve dini inancı kapsayan, son derece karmaşık ve farklı bir olgudur. Yaşandığı ülkelerde önemli bir sorun olan terörün nedenlerine bakıldığında, karşımıza çıkan tüm nedenlerin o ülkenin sahip olduğu kurumsal yapıyı işaret ettiği görülmektedir. Mevcut kurumsal yapı- da yaşanan bozulmalar veya söz konusu kurumsal yapının hiç tesis edilememiş olması, terör olaylarının ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlamaktadır. Terör eylemle- ri yaşandığı toplumlarda yatırımların azalması, yasalara(devlete) olan güvenin düşmesi ve işlem maliyetlerinin artması gibi ekonomik sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Toplumun kurumsal yapısının güçlü olması halinde terörizm eylemlerini gerçek- leştireceği uygun ortamı bulmakta zorlanacaktır. Bu nedenle ülkelerin kurumsal yapılarında gerekli düzenlemeleri yaparak, güçlü kurumlara sahip olmaları terör sorununu çözmelerini sağlayacaktır.

Societal Cost of the Relationship between Institutional Structure and Terrorist Actions

Terrorism is an extremely complex concept that encompasses political, historical, cultural, economic, ideological and religious beliefs. When we look at the root ca- uses of terrorism that poses significant problems to the countries that experience it, we see that all these causes point to the institutional structure of the country in question. The degeneration of the existing institutional structures or the lack of such structures prepares the ground for emergence of terrorist acts. Acts of ter- rorism cause economic problems such as decline in investments, loss of confi- dence to the state and to the rule of law as well to an augmentation in transacti- on costs in the societies that experience it. When the institutional structure is strong, terrorism would have difficulties in ha- ving an appropriate ground to realize its acts. Therefore, the undertaking of the required measures in institutional structures in order to have strong institutions would enable countries to overcome the problem of terrorism.

PDF

___

BADIE, Alberto; (2004), Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism, Nber Working Paper, http://www.nber.org/ papers/w10859, 07.03.2012.
ALESINA, Alberto ve PEROTTI, Roberto; (1993), Income Dis- tribution, Political Instability, and Investment, Nber Working Pa- per Series, Working Paper, No: 4486.
ALESINA, Alberto, OZLER, Şule, ROUBINI, Nouriel ve SWAGEL, Phillip; (1996), Political Instability and Economic Growth.", Journal of Economic Growth, 1, pp. 189-211.
ARON, Janine; (2000), Growth and Institutions: A Review of the Evidence, The World Bank Research Observer, 15(1).
BAHARÇİÇEK, Abdulkadir; (2000), Etnik Terör ve Etnik Terör- le Mücadele Sorunu, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), ss.11-27.
BLOMBERG, S. Brock, HESS, Gregory D. ve ORPHANIDES, Athanasios; (2004), The Macroeconomic Consequences of Terrorism, Journal of Monetary Economics, 51 (5), pp. 1007 1032.
BLOMBERG, S. Brock., HESS, Gregory.D. ve WEERAPANA, Akila; (2004), Economic Conditions and Terrorism, European Journal of Political Economy, (20) , pp. 463478.
BLOMBERG, S. Brock., HESS, Gregory.D. ve WEERAPANA, Akila; (2002), Terrorism From Within: An Economic Model of Terrorism, Claremont Colleges Working Papers in Economics, (17.04.2013).
BRUCK, Tilman ve WICKSTROM, Bengt-Arne; (2004), The Economic Consequences of Terror: Guest Editors İntroduction European Journal of Political Economy, ( 20), pp. 293300.
COASE, R. H.; (1937), The Nature of the Firm, Economica, 4 (16), pp. 386-405.
CRAGIN, Kim ve CHALK, Peter; (2003), Terrorism & Devel- opment, Using Social and Economic Development to Inhibit a Resurgence of Terrorism, http://www.dtic.mil/cgibin/Ge tTRDoc?AD=ADA414490&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf, 07.03.2012.
CRENSHAW, Martha; (2005), Political Explanations. içinde, The Internatıonal Summıt On Democracy, Terrorısm And Securıty, Addressing the Causes of Terrorism (pp. 13-18), The Club de Madrid Series on Democracy and Terrorism, Vol.1.
CRENSHAW, Martha; (1981), The Causes of Terrorism, Comparative Politics, 13 (4), pp. 379-399.
CİRHİNLİOĞLU, Zafer ve BULUT, Erol; (2010), Terör, Din ve Siyaset, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20 (2), ss. 301-322.
ÇALIŞKAN, Koray; (2008), Ortadoğu Siyaseti ve Toplumlarını Anlama Yolları, İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(Ekim), ss. 121.
ECKSTEIN, Zvi ve TSIDDON, Daniel; (2004), Macroeconomic Consequences of Terror: Theory and the Case of Israel, Jour- nal of Monetary Economics, (51).
FELLNER, Amira; (2008), Role of Culture in Economic Devel- opment: Case Study of China and Latin America, Theses and Dissertations. p. 236. University of South Florida Scholar Com- mons @USF, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/236
FINDLEY, Michael G. ve YOUNG, Joseph K.; (2011). Terror- ism, Democracy, and Credible Commitments, International Studies Quarterly, (55), pp. 357378.
FOSS, Nicolai J. ve KLEIN, Peter G; (2008), The Theory of the Firm and Its Critics: A Stocktaking ve Assessment. E. Brousnomics (pp. 425-442), New York: Cambridge University Pres.
FREY, Bruno F. ve LUECHINGER, Simon; (2003), Measuring Terrorism, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics Uni- versity of Zurich Working Paper Series, No. 171
FUKUYAMA, Francis; (2005), Güven-Sosyal Erdemler ve Refahın Yaratılması. Çev.: A. Buğdaycı, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
GAIBULLOEV, Khusrav ve SANDLER, Todd; (2008),The Im- pact Of Terrorısm And Conflıcts On Growth In Asıa, http://www.adbi.org/files/dp113.terrorism.impact.growth. asia.1970.2004.pdf, 05.03.2012.
GLAESER, Edward Ludwig (2001), The Formation of Social Capital J.F. Helliwell (Der.) içinde, The Contribution of Human and Social Capital to Sustained Economic Growth and Well- Being, (pp. 381-393). Human Resources Development Cana- da/Organisation for Economic for Economic Cooperation and Growth, Ottawa/Paris.
GLOBAL TERRORİSM INDEX-GTI, (2012), http://reliefweb. int/report/world/2012-global-terrorism-index-capturing-impact- terrorism-2002-2011, 17.04.2013
GÖKALP, Mehmet Faysal vd.; (2007), Ekonomik Davranışlar Üzerinde Etkili Olan Kurumsal Değerler. Muğla Üniversitesi Yayınları: 83, Rektörlük Yayınları: 61, Muğla: MÜ Basımevi.
GÖKALP, Mehmet Faysal ve BALDEMİR Ercan; ( 2005), Ku- rumsal Yapı ve Uluslararası Rekabet, M.F. Gökalp ve C.Y. Kesbiç (Ed.) içinde, Uluslararası Rekabet Sürecinde Türkiye, Beyaz Yayınları, İstanbul.
GÖKALP, Nuri; (2003), Ekonomide Güven Faktörü, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 10(2).
GREIF, Avner; (2006), Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy. Cambridge University Pres, Britain.
GROSSMAN, Gene M. ve HELPMAN, Elhanan; (2002), Spe- cial Interest Politics. MIT Pres, Cambridge.
GURR, Ted Robert; (2005), Economic Factors. içinde, The Internatıonal Summıt On Democracy, Terrorısm And Securıty, Addressing the Causes of Terrorism (pp. 19-25), The Club de Madrid Series on Democracy and Terrorism, Vol.1.
HELFSTEIN, Scott; (2009), Governance of Terror: New Insti- tutionalism and the Evolution of Terrorist Organizations, Public Administration Review, 69(4), pp. 727-739.
IMAI, Kosuke ve WEINSTEIN, Jeremy; (2000), Measuring the Economic Impact of Civil War. CID Working Paper, No. 51.
INGLADA, Vicente ve REY, Bele´n; (2004), Spanish air travel and the September 11 terrorist attacks: a note, Journal of Air Transport Management, (10), pp. 441443
INTRILIGATOR, Michael D.; (2010), The Economics of Terror- ism, Economic Inquiry, 48 (1), pp. 113.
KASPER, WOLFGANG ve STREIT, MANFRED E.; (1998), Kurumsal İktisat, Çev.: B. Açıkgöz, http://www.canaktan. org/ekonomi/kurumsal-iktisat/makaleler/kasper-streit.htm, 27.10.2010. KEIZER, Piet; (2007), The Concept of Institutioan in Eco- nomics and Sociology, A Methodological Exposition, Utrecht School of Economics Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute, Discussion Paper Series, 07 (25).
KNACK, Stephen ve KEEFER, Philip; (1997), Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff ? A Cross Country Investi- gation, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), pp. 1251- 1288.
LLUSSA, Fernanda and TAVARES, Jose; (2007), The eco- nomics of terrorism: a synopsis, The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 2(1), p. 62-70.
LUIZ, John M.; (2009), The Informal Sector, Enterpreneurship and For Afrıcan Development, Journal of International Devel- opment, J. Int. Dev. (21).
MORRIS, Michael H., JONES, Peter ve NEL, Deon; (2004), The Informal Sector, Enterpreneurship and Eco- nomic Development, www.usasbe.org/knowledge/ proceedings/1997p108morris.pdf , 02.02.2011
NITSCH, Volker ve SCHUMACHER, Dieter; (2004), Terrorism and International Trade: an Empirical İnvestigation, European Journal of Political Economy, 20 (2), pp. 423433.
NORTH, Douglass C; (2003), The Role Of Institutions In Eco- nomic Development. Unıted Natıons Economıc Commıssıon For Europe, Dıscussions Paper Series, No: 2003.2.
NORTH, Douglass C; (2010), Kurumlar, Kurumsal Değişim ve Ekonomik Performans (2.b.). Çev.: G.Ç. Güven, Sabancı Üni- versitesi, İstanbul.
NORTH, Douglass C. ve WALLIS, J.J.; (1994), Integrating In- stitutional Change and Technical Change in Economic History: A Transaction Cost Approach, JITE, 150 (4).
OLSON, Mancur; (1996), Distinguished Lecture on Ekonom- ics in Government: Big Bills Left on The Sidewalk: Why Some Nations are Rich, and Others Poor, Journal of Economic Per- spectives, 10 (2), pp. 3-24.
ÖZTÜRK, Serdar ve ÇELİK, Kamil; (2009), Terörizmin Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Etkileri, Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 1 (2), ss.85-106.
PARASKEVAS, Alexandros ve ARANDELL, Beverley; (2007), A Strategic Framework for Terrorism Prevention and Mitiga- tion in Tourism Destinations, Tourism Management, (28), pp:15601573.
PERSITZ, Dotan; (2005), The Economic Effect of Terrörizm: Counterfactual Analysis of The Case of Israel, http://www.tau. ac.il/~persitzd/TER.pdf., 05.03.2012.
PIAZZA, James A.; (2006), Rooted in Poverty?: Terrorism, Poor Economic Development, and Social Cleavages, Terror- ism and Political Violence, (18), pp.159177.
PILAT, Joseph F. ; (2009), The Causes of Terrorism, Journal of Organisational Transformation & Social Change, 6 (2) pp. 171-182.
POST, Jerrold M.; (2005), Psychology. içinde, The Internatıonal Summıt On Democracy, Terrorısm And Securıty, Addressing the Causes of Terrorism (pp. 7-12), The Club de Madrid Series on Democracy and Terrorism, Vol.1.
PUTNAM, Robert David; (1993), Cıvıc Tradıtıons in Modern Italy, Prınceton Unıversıty Pres, Prınceton, New Jersey.
RICHARDSON, Louse; (2007), What Terrorists Want, Renner Institut, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard Univer- sity
RODRIK, Dani; (2009), Tek Ekonomi Çok Reçete: Küreselleşme, Kurumlar ve Ekonomik Büyüme. N. Domaniç (Çev.), Ankara: Eflatun Yayınevi
RODRIK, Dani; (1999), Where Did All the Growth Go? Exter- nal Shocks, Social Conflict, and Growth Collapses, Journal of Economic Growth, 4(4), pp. 385412
STERN, Jessica; (2005), Culture içinde, The Internatıonal Summıt On Democracy, Terrorısm And Securıty, Addressing the Causes of Terrorism (pp. 35-39), The Club de Madrid Se- ries on Democracy and Terrorism, Vol.1.
ŞANLISOY, Selim ve KÖK, Recep; (2010), Politik İstikrarsızlık Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımı, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 47 (541), ss. 9-21.
TÜRKKAHRAMAN, Mimar; (2006), Toplum ve Temel Toplum- sal Kurumlar-Kurumlar Sosyolojisine Giriş, Alp Yayınevi, An- kara.
VEBLEN, Thorstein; (1919),The Place of Science in Modern Civilisation and Other Essay. New York, Huebsch.
WAHEED, Abdul ve AHMAD, Mokbul Morshed; (2011). Assessıng The Economıc Impacts Of Terrorısm On Informal Day Labourer Sector In Lahore, Pakıstan, Internatıonal Jour- nal of Academıc Research, 3(3), pp. 383-387.
WILLIAMSON, Oliver E.; (1985), The Economic Institutions Of Capitalism Firms, Markets, Relatıonal Contractıng. Newyork: The Free Pres.
YILMAZ, Burcu Selin ve YILMAZ, Özgür Devrim; (2005), Terörizm ve Terörizmin Hedefi Olarak Turizm Endüstrisi, Elek- tronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4 (13), ss. 3958, http://www.e- sosder.com/dergi/1339-58.pdf, 08.03.2012.