Tunus’ta Siyasi Kırılmalar: Devletin Görevlerini Yerine Getirmedeki Başarısı ve Tunus’un Değişen Toplum Sözleşmeleri

Bir ülkedeki devlet ile toplumsal aktörler arasındaki ilişkiyi tanımlayan toplum sözleşmeleri tarafların her ikisine de önemli görevler verir. Devletten beklenen başlıca görevler literatürde kısaca 3 P –koruma, tedarik ve katılım- olarak anılmaktadır. Taraflar kendilerine verilen görevleri hakkıyla yerine getirmeye devam ettikleri sürece sözleşme geçerlidir. Ancak görevlerin yerine getirilmesinin aksadığı ya da reddedildiği siyasi kırılma noktalarında sözleşmelerin de yenilenmesi gerekir. Bu çalışma, V-Dem verilerini kullanarak, 1955’den günümüze Tunus’ta devletin kendisinden beklenen rolleri yerine getirmede ne kadar etkili ve başarılı olduğunu tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu süreçte Tunus’un 4 önemli siyasi kırılma noktasından geçtiği söylenir. Bunlar; 1950lerin ikinci yarısında Fransız sömürgesinden bağımsızlaşma, 1980lerdeki neo-liberal politika değişimleri, 2011 devrimi ve 2021 sonrası anti-demokratik siyasi adımlardır. Yirmi iki farklı değişkenin değerlerinin zaman içerisindeki değişimlerinin izlendiği grafikler göstermektedir ki Tunus’un bağımsızlığını ilan ettiği dönem ile 2011 devrimi devletin görevlerini uygulayışını değiştiren mühim kırılma noktalarıdır. Bağımsızlığını ilan eden Tunus devleti özellikle koruma ve tedarik boyutunda ciddi bir iyileşme yaşarken, 2011 devrimi ve 2021 yılından itibaren gelişen siyasi olayların ise öncelikli olarak devletin katılım görevini etkilediği görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Toplum sözleşmesi, 2011 devrimi, Tunus, devletin görevleri, siyasi katılım

Turning Points in Tunisian Politics: The State’s Success in Fulfilling Its Duties and Changing Social Contracts in Tunisia

Social contracts that define state-society relations assign substantial roles to both of these parties. In the literature, state duties are abbreviated as 3 P, which stands for protection, provision, and participation. The contract is valid so long as the actors continue to perform their roles. The contracts are to be renewed, however, during political turning points in which significant changes in the roles performed by the actors are observed. This article analyzes, using V-Dem data, how the effectiveness of the Tunisian state in fulfilling its responsibilities has changed from 1955 to the present, with a focus on political turning points such as independence, policy shifts in 1980s, 2011 revolution and the so-called civilian coup in 2021. The graphs of the findings depict the changes in the values of twenty-two distinct variables over time leading to the conclusion that the independence period and the 2011 revolution were significant turning points that altered the attitude of the Tunisian state. While the newly independent Tunisian state was successful in developing its obligations of protection and provision, the 2011 Revolution and subsequent political events occurring after 2021 had the greatest impact on the state's obligation to create the conditions for citizen participation.

Keywords:

Social contract, 2011 revolution, Tunisia, duties of the state, political participation,

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