Anti-Bacterial, Anti-Mycobacterial and Anti-Fungal Properties of Punica granatum as Natural Dye

Objective: This study aimed to determine the anti-mycobacterial, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal effects of dry/fresh pomegranate peel ethanol/methanol extracts, and the dyeing performance and antimicrobial effects of dyed fabric samples with pomegranate peel ethanol extract. Materials and Methods: Anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra/H37Rv and two-clinical M. tuberculosis strains, and anti-bacterial activity against eight bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and anti-fungal activity against five fungal pathogens (Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium proliferatum) were determined by microplate assay. The anti-microbial activity of dyed fabric samples (30/ 1 Rib and single jersey 100% cotton) as well as their coloring properties, were investigated using the parallel streak method (AATCC 147). Results: Extracts showed the anti-mycobacterial efficacy between MIC 7.81-31.25 ?g/ml and MBC 31.25-250 ?g/ml, respectively against four strains of M. tuberculosis. Also, each extract showed anti-bacterial activity between MIC 0.97-62.50 ?g/ml and MBC 7.81-250 ?g/ml and anti-fungal activity between MIC 31.25-125 ?g/ml and MBC 125-250 ?g/ml. While control and mordanting of fabric samples did not show any inhibition zones, significant anti-microbial activity against S. aureus was obtained after dyeing using dry peel on fabric samples without mordant. Conclusion: These findings provide valuable information for future applications of natural dyes in textiles. The anti-mycobacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-bacterial properties of pomegranate could be significant in developing a model for drug design.

Keywords:

Anti-microbial activity, Coloring Properties, Natural Dye Pomegranate, Punica granatum,

PDF

___

1.El Barnossi A, Moussaid F, Iraqi Housseini A. Tangerine, banana, and pomegranate peels valorization for a sustainable environment: A review. Biotechnol Rep. 2021;29. google scholar
2. Gündoğdu M, Yılmaz H, Canan İ. Nar (Punica granatum L.) Çeşit ve Genotiplerin Fizikokimyasal Karakterizasyonu. IJAWS. 2015;1(2):57-65. google scholar
3. Egharevba HO, Kunle OF. Preliminary phytochemical and proxi-mate analysis of the leaves of Piliostigma thionningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redhead. Ethnobot Leaflets. 2010;14:570-577. google scholar
4. Fawole OA, Opara UL. Harvest discrimination of pomegranate fruit: Posthar-vest quality changes and relationships between in-strumental and sensory attributesduring shelf life. J Food Sci. 2013;78(8). google scholar
5. Gupta D, Khare SK, Laha A. Antimicrobial properties of natural dyes against Gram-negative bacteria. Color Technol. 2004;120:167-171. google scholar
6. Onar N, Aksit A, Sen Y, Mutlu M. Antimicrobial, UVprotec-tive and self-cleaning properties of cotton fabrics coated by dip-coating and solvothermal coating methods. Fibers Polym. 2011;12:461-470. google scholar
7. Malviya S, Jha A, Hettiarachchy N. Antioxidant and antibacterial potential of pomegranate peel extracts. J Food Sci Technol. 2014; 51:4132-4137. google scholar
8. Jayaprakasha GK, Negi PS, Jena BS. Antimicrobial activities of Pomegranates. In Pomegranates, ed. CRC press. FL, USA: Boca Raton, Inc; 2006:167-168. google scholar
9. Bassiri-Jahromi S. Punica granatum (Pomegranate) activ-ity in health promotion and cancer prevention. Oncol Rev. 2018;12(1):345. google scholar
10. Zhang J, Zhan, B, Yao X, Gao Y, Shong J. Antiviral activity of tan-nin from the pericarp of Punica granatum L. against genital Herpes virus in vitro. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi. 1995;20(9):556-576. google scholar
11. Vijayanand S, Hemapriya J. In vitro antibacterial efficacy of peel and seed extracts of Punica granatum L. against selected bacterial strains. Int J Microbiolog Res. 2011;1(4):231-234. google scholar
12. Parmar HS, Kar A. Medicinal values of fruit pericarp from Cit-rus sinensis, Punica granatum and Musa paradisiaca with respect to alterations in tissue lipid peroxidation and serum concentra-tion of glucose, insulin and thyroid hormones. J Med Food. 2008;11(2):376-381. google scholar
13. Heber D, Seeram NP, Wyatt H, Henning SM, Zhang Y. Safety and antioxidant activity of a pomegranate ellagitannin-enriched polyphenol dietary supplement in overweight individuals with increased waist size. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55:10050-10054. google scholar
14. Parmar HS, Kar A. Protective role of Citrus sinensis, Musa paradisiaca and Punica granatum pericarp against diet-induced atherosclerosis and thyroid dysfunctions in rats. Nutr Res. 2007;27(11):710-718. google scholar
15. Aviram A, Rosenblat M, Gaitini Aviram M, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr. 2004;23:423-433. google scholar
16. Naz S, Siddiqi R, Ahmad S, Rasool SA, Sayeed SA. Antibacterial activity directed isolation of compounds from Punica granatum. J Food Sci. 2007;72(9):M341-M345. google scholar
17. Braga LC, Shupp JW, Cummings C, et al. Pomegranate extract in-hibits Staphylococcus aureus growth and subsequent enterotoxin production. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;96(1-2):335-339. google scholar
18. Zhang L, Fu Q, Zhang Y. Composition of anthocyanins in pomegranate flowers and their antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 2011;127:1444-1449. google scholar
19. Aguilera-Carbo A, Augur C, Prado-Barragan LA, Favela-Torres E, Aguilar CN. Microbial production of ellagic acid and biodegra- dation of ellagitannins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;78:189-199. google scholar
20. Prashanth D, Asha M, Amit A. Antibacterial activity of Punica granatum. Fitoterapia. 2001;72:171-173. google scholar
21. Tiwari HC, Singh P, Mishra PK, Shrivastava P. Evaluation of various techniques for extraction of natural colorants from pomegranate rind ultrasonic and enzyme assissted extraction. IJFTR. 2010;35:272-276. google scholar
22. Kandylis P, Kokkinomagoulos E. Food applications and poten-tial health benefits of pomegranate and its derivatives. Foods. 2020;9(2):122. google scholar
23. Lansky EP, Newman RA. Punica granatum (Pomegranate) and its potential for prevention of treatment of inflammation and cancer. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;109:177-206. google scholar
24. Panichayupakaranant P, Tewtrakul S, Yuenyongsawad S. Antibac-terial, antiinflammatory, and anti-allergic activities of standard-ized pomegranate rind extract. Food Chem. 2010;123: 400-403. google scholar
25. Turkyılmaz, M. Anthocyanin and organic acid profiles of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juices from registered va-rieties in Turkey. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2013;48:2086-2095. google scholar
26. Smaoui S, Hlima H, Ben Mtibaa AC, et al. Pomegranate peel as phenolic compounds source: Advanced analyticalstrategies and practical use in meat products. Meat Sci. 2019;158. google scholar
27. Juneja VK, Cadavez V, Gonzales-Barron U, Mukhopadhyay S, Friedman M. Effect of pomegranate powder on the heat inacti-vation of Escherichia coli O104: H4 in ground chicken. Food Control. 2016;70;26-34. google scholar
28. Li Destri Nicosia MG, Pangallo S, Raphael G, et al. Control of postharvest fungal rots on citrus fruit and sweet cherries using a pomegranate peel extract Postharvest Biol Technol. 2016;114; 54-61. google scholar
29. Diganta D, Ratnamala R, Banasri H. Antimicrobial ac-tivity of pomegranate fruit constituents against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and b-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Pharm Biol. 2015;53(10):1474-1480. google scholar
30. Olukunle JO, Adenubi OT, Oladele GM, Sogebi EA, Oguntoke PC. Studies on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Jatropha curcas leaf extract. Acta Vet Brno. 2011;80:259-262. google scholar
31. Crini G. Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review. Bioresource Technol. 2006;97: 1061-1085. google scholar
32. Forgacs E, Cserhati T, Oros G. Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: A review. Environ Int. 2004;30(7):953-971. google scholar
33. Hou XL, Chen XZ, Cheng YX, Xu HL, Chen LF. Dyeing and UV-protection properties of water extracts from orange peel. J Clean Prod. 2013;52:410-419. google scholar
34. Hosseinnezhad M, Gharanjig K, Razani N, et al. Green miles in dyeing technology: Metal-rich pumpkin extracts in aid of natural dyes. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2022;29:50608-50616. google scholar
35. Gong K, Pan Y, Rather LJ, Wang W, Zhou Q, Li TZ. Natural pigment during flora leaf senescence and its application in dye-ing and UV protection finish of silk and wool a case study of Cinnamomum camphora. Dyes Pigm. 2019;166:114-121. google scholar
36. Jose S, Pandit P, Pandey R, Chickpea husk-a potential agro waste for coloration and functional finishing of textiles, Ind Crop Prod. 2019;142:111833. google scholar
37. Otaviano BTH, Sannomiya M, Soares de Lima F, et al. Pomegranate peel extract and zinc oxide as a source of natural dye and functional material for textile fibers aiming for photopro-tective properties. Mater Chem Phys. 2023;(293):126766. google scholar
38. Barhanpurkar S, Bhat P, Kumar A, Purwar R, professor A. Studies of Banana SAP used as mordant for natural dye. Int J Text Eng Process. 2015;1(4):2395-3578. google scholar
39. Zhou Y, Yang ZY, Tang RC. Facile and green preparation of bioactive and UV protective silk materials using the extract from red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) through adsorption technique. Arab J Chem. 2020;13:3276-3285. google scholar
40. Goodarzian H, Ekrami E. Wool dyeing with extracted dye from pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel.World Appl Sci J. 2010;8(11):1387-1389. google scholar
41. Kulkarni SS, Gokhale AV,Bodake UM, Pathade GR. Cot-ton dyeing with natural dye extracted from Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel. Univers. J Environ Res Technol. 2011;1(2):135-139. google scholar
42. Albu S, Joyce E, Paniwnyk L, Lorimer JP, Mason TJ. Potential for the use of ultrasound in the extraction of antioxidants from Rosmarinus officinalis for the food and pharmaceutical industry. Ultrason Sonochem. 2004;1(3),261-265. google scholar
43. Barkhordari P, Bazargani-Gilani B. Effect of apple peel ex-tract and zein coating enriched with ginger essential oil on the shelf life of chicken thigh meat. J Food Meas Charact. 2021;15(3):2727-2742. google scholar
44. Pan Y, Wang K, Huang S, et al. Antioxidant activity of microwave-assisted extract of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) peel. Food Chem. 2008;106(3):1264-1270. google scholar
45. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Reference Methods for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. Approved Standard. Second Edition NCCLS document M38-A2. Wayne. Pennsylvania, 2008;28(16):1-29. google scholar
46. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Edition Aerobically; Approved Standard. Seventh Edition NCCLS Document M7-A7., Wayne, Pennsylvania, 2006;26(2):1-16. google scholar
47. Becton Dickinson and Company Newsletter BD. Bactec MGIT 960 SIRE kit now FDA-cleared for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiology News & Ideas. 2002;13: 4-4. google scholar
48. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacteria, Nocardiae, and Other Aerobic Actinomycetes; Approved Standard. NCCLS document M24-A [ISBN 1-56238-500-3]. NCCLS, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898 USA, 2003. google scholar
49. AATCC Test Method 147-2004, Antibacterial activity assessment of textile materials: Parallel streak method. AATCC Technical Manual, American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Research Triangle Park, NC. 2008. google scholar
50. Bahtiyari Mİ, Benli H, Yavaş A. Printing of wool and cotton fabrics with natural dyes. Asian J Chem. 2008;25(6):3220-3224 google scholar
51. de Oliveira CRS, Mulinari J, Batistell MA, Augusto Ul-son de Souza A, Selene Maria de Arruda Guelli Ulson de Souza. Antimicrobial effect of cotton fabric functionalized with a kaolinite-titania nano-hybrid composite. Mater Chem Phys. 2023;295:127078. google scholar
52. Hajimohammadi NJR, Gharbani P, Mehrizad A. Antibacterial activity of Punica granatum L. and Areca nut (P.A) combined extracts against some food born pathogenic bacteria. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;1730-1736. google scholar
53. Casquete R, Castro SM, Martin A, Ruz-Moyano S, Saraiva J. Evaluation of the effect of high pressure on total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of citrus peels. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2015;31:37-44. google scholar
54. Ismail T, Akhtar S, Sestili P, Riaz M, Ismail A. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and urease inhibitory activities of phenolics-rich pomegranate peel hydro-alcoholic extracts. J Food Biochem. 2016;40(4):550-558. google scholar
55. Ali A, Chen Y, Liu H, et al. Starch-based antimicrobial films functionalized by pomegranate peel. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;129:1120-1126. google scholar
56. Dahham, BSS, Ali MN, Tabassum H, Khan M. Studies on antibac-terial and antifungal activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). AEJAES. 2010;9(3):273-281. google scholar
57. Tayel AA, El-Tras WF. Anticandidal activity of pomegranate peel extract aerosol as an applicable sanitizing method. Mycoses. 2010;53(2):117-122. google scholar
58. Shuhua Q, Hongyun, Yanning Z. Inhibitory effects of Punica granatum peel extracts on Botrytis cinerea. J Plant Dis Prot. 2010; 36 (1):148-150. google scholar
59. Glazer I, Masaphy S, Marciano P, et al. Partial identification of antifungal compounds from Punica granatum peel extracts. J Agric Food. Chem.2012;60 (19):4841-4848. google scholar
60. Farag MA, Al-Mahdy DA, Salah El Dine R, Fahmy S, Yassi A. Structure activity relationships of antimicrobial gallic acid derivatives from pomegranate and acacia fruit extracts against potato bacterial wilt pathogen. Chem Biodivers. 2015;12 (6): 955962. google scholar
61. Wang R, Ding Y, Liu R, Xiang L, Du L. Pomegranate: Con-stituents, bioactivities and pharmacokinetics. Fruit, Vegetable Cereal Sci Biotechn. 2010;4 (2), 77-87. google scholar
62. Prakash CVS, Prakash I. Bioactive chemical constituents from pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice, seed and peel - a review. Int J Res in Chem Environt. 2011;1 (1), 1-18. google scholar
63. Nahar PP, Driscoll MV, Li L, Slitt AL, Seeram NP. Phenolic mediated antiinflammatory properties of a maple syrup extract in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. J Func Foods. 2014; 6:126-136. google scholar
64. Amyrgialaki E, Makris DP, Mauromoustakos A, Kefalas P. Op-timisation of the extraction of pomegranate (Punica granatum) husk phenolics using water/ethanol solvent systems and response surface methodology. Ind Crops Pro. 2014;59:216-222. google scholar
65. Kardan Yamchi J, Mahboubi M, Kazemian H, Hamzelou G, Feiz-abadi MM. The chemical composition and antimycobacterial ac-tivities of Trachyspermum copticum and Pelargonium graveolens essential oils. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2020;15(1):68-74. doi:10.2174/1574891X14666191028113321 google scholar
66. Yang F, Wang A. Recent researches on antimicrobial nanocomposite and hybrid materials based on sepiolite and palygorskite. Appl Clay Sci. 2022; 219: 106454. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2022.106454. google scholar
67. Gozlekçi S, Saraçoğlu O, Onursal E, Ozgen M. Total phenolic distribution of juice, peel, and seed extracts of four pomegranate cultivars. Pharmacogn Mag. 2011;7:161. doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.80681 . google scholar
68. Ul-Islam M, Alhajaim W, Fatima A, et al. Development of low-cost bacterial cellulose-pomegranate peel extract-based antibac-terial composite for potential biomedical applications. Int J Bio. Macromol. 2023;231:123269. google scholar
69. Ul-Islam S, Butola BS, Gupta A, Roy A. Multifunctional finishing of cellulosic fabric via facile, rapid in-situ green synthesis of AgNPs using pomegranate peel extract biomolecules. Sustainable Chem Pharm. 2019;12:100135. google scholar
70. Ibrahim N, El-Gamal A, Gouda M, Mahrous F. A new ap-proach for natural dyeing and functional finishing of cot-ton cellulose. Carbohydr Polym. 2010;82:1205-1211. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.054 google scholar
71. Singh R, Jain A, Panwar S, Gupta D, Khare S. Antimicrobial activity of some natural dyes. Dyes Pigm. 2005; 66:99-102 google scholar
72. Mahmood MA, Al-Dhaher ZA, AL-Mizraqchi AS. Antimicro-bial activity of aqueous extracts of pomegranate, sumac, sage, anise, hand bull tongue, thyme, cloves, lemon and mint against some food-borne pathogens. Iraqi J Vet Med. 2010; 34(2):85-94. doi:10.30539/iraqijvm.v34i2.635. google scholar
73. Sanbhal N, Ma Y, Sun G, Li Y, Peerzada M, Wang L. Preparation and characterization of antibacterial polypropylene google scholar meshes with covalently incorporated b-cyclodextrins and cap-tured antimicrobial agent for hernia repair. Polymers. 2018;10:58. doi:10.3390/polym10010058. google scholar
74. Sun G. Antibacterial textile materials for medical applications. Mater Sci Eng. 2011;360-375. google scholar
75. Simoncic B, Tomsic B. Structures of novel antimicrobial agents for textiles: A review. Text Res J. 2010;80:1721-1737. google scholar
76. Al-Zoreky N. Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peels. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009;134:244-248. google scholar
77. Ismail T, Sestili P, Akhtar S. Pomegranate peel and fruit extracts: a review of potential anti-inflammatory and anti-infective effects. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;143:397-405. google scholar
78. Kim ND, Mehda R, Weiping Y, Ishak N, Talia L. Chemopreven-tive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002;71:203-217. google scholar