Optimization of Extraction Parameters and Effect of Different Solvent Systems on The Omega-3 Fatty Acids Content of Algal Oil (Nannochloropsis sp.)

Ultrasonically-assisted algal oil (Nannocholoropsis sp.) extraction (UAE) was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and hexane. Extraction variables were determined as extraction time, temperature, and solvent:biomass ratio. Optimization was made by aiming both maximum oil yield and omega-3 fatty acid (ω-3 FA) content at the same time. The optimum conditions were determined to be 44.30 ℃, 62.46 min, 19.9:1 g/ml. The extraction time and temperature significantly affected the yield and ω-3 FA content, whereas solvent: biomass ratio did not affect the range of values tested for each of the variables(p<0.05). Then, under these optimum conditions, UAE was applied using selected solvents of different polarities (hexane, chloroform, methanol, ethanol and 2-propanol). The effects of different solvents on the oil yield, ω-3 FA content, oxidation, and nutritional properties of algal oil were investigated. Methanol was found to be more efficient than other solvents considering oil yield and ω-3 FA, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content (14.46%). Although methanol and chloroform are widely used in extraction, their toxicity limits their use in the food industry. Considering the oil yield and ω-3 FA content of non-toxic solvents, it was determined that 2-propanol was more preferable due to its high ω-3 FA content.

Keywords:

Edible algal oil, Ultrasonic assisted extraction, RSM optimization Solvent polarity, Omega-3 fatty acids,

PDF

___

AOAC. 1984. Official Methods of Analysis (14th edn.), J. Assoc.Off. Ana. Chem., Washington DC, p. 1018.
AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, J. Assoc.Off. Ana. Chem, Arlington, VA: Author.
Archer L., Mc Gee D., Paskuliakova A., McCoy G. R., Smyth T., Gillespie E. & Touzet N. 2019. Fatty acid profiling of new Irish microalgal isolates producing the high-value metabolites EPA and DHA, Algal Research, 44, 101671.
Babuskin S., Krishnan K. R., Saravana Babu P. A., Sivarajan M. & Sukumar M. 2014. Functional foods enriched with marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata as a source of ω-3 fatty acids, Food Technology and Biotechnology, 52(3), 292-299.
Balasubramanian R. K., Doan T. T. Y. & Obbard J. P. 2013. Factors affecting cellular lipid extraction from marine microalgae, Chemical Engineering Journal, 215, 929-936.
Balboa E. M., Soto M. L., Nogueira D. R., González-López N., Conde E., Moure A. ... & Domínguez H. 2014. Potential of antioxidant extracts produced by aqueous processing of renewable resources for the formulation of cosmetics, Industrial Crops and Products, 58, 104-110.
Belwal T., Dhyani P., Bhatt I. D., Rawal R. S. & Pande V. 2016. Optimization extraction conditions for improving phenolic content and antioxidant activity in Berberis asiatica fruits using response surface methodology (RSM), Food Chemistry, 207, 115-124.
Bermúdez Menéndez J. M., Arenillas A., Menéndez Díaz J. Á., Boffa L., Mantegna S., Binello A. & Cravotto G. 2014. Optimization of microalgae oil extraction under ultrasound and microwave irradiation, Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 89(11), 1779-1784.
Bligh E. G. & Dyer W. J. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification, Canadian journal of biochemistry and physiology, 37(8), 911-917.
Box G. E. & Behnken D. W. 1960. Some new three level designs for the study of quantitative variables, Technometrics, 2(4), 455-475.
Chen G. Q., Jiang Y. & Chen F. 2007. Fatty acid and lipid class composition of the eicosapentaenoic acid-producing microalga, Nitzschia laevis, Food chemistry, 104(4), 1580-1585
Chua E. T., Dal'Molin C., Thomas-Hall S., Netzel M. E., Netzel G. & Schenk P. M. 2020. Cold and dark treatments induce omega-3 fatty acid and carotenoid production in Nannochloropsis oceanica, Algal Research, 51, 102059.
Dey S., & Rathod V. K. 2013. Ultrasound assisted extraction of β-carotene from Spirulina platensis, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 20(1), 271-276.
Fedorova-Dahms I., Marone P. A., Bauter M. & Ryan A. S. 2011. Safety evaluation of DHA-rich Algal Oil from Schizochytrium sp, Food and chemical toxicology, 49(12), 3310-3318.
Figueiredo A. R., da Costa E., Silva J., Domingues M. R. & Domingues P. 2019. The effects of different extraction methods of lipids from Nannochloropsis oceanica on the contents of omega-3 fatty acids, Algal Research, 41, 101556.
Frankel E. N. 1984. Lipid oxidation: mechanisms, products and biological significance, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 61(12), 1908-1917.
Gong Y., Hu H., Gao Y., Xu X. & Gao H. 2011. Microalgae as platforms for production of recombinant proteins and valuable compounds: progress and prospects, Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology, 38(12), 1879-1890.
Guillard R. R. 1975. Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates. In Culture of marine invertebrate animals (pp. 29-60), Springer, Boston, MA.
Helrich K. 1990. Official methods of Analysis, J. Assoc.Off. Ana. Chem, Volume 2.
Joumard-Cubizolles L., Lee J. C. Y., Vigor C., Leung H. H., Bertrand-Michel J., Galano J. M. ... & Gladine C. 2017. Insight into the contribution of isoprostanoids to the health effects of omega 3 PUFAs, Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators, 133, 111-122.
Katiyar R. & Arora A. 2020. Health promoting functional lipids from microalgae pool: A review, Algal Research, 46, 101800.
Kaushik P., Dowling K., Barrow C. J. & Adhikari B. 2015. Microencapsulation of omega-3 fatty acids: A review of microencapsulation and characterization methods, Journal of functional foods, 19, 868-881.
Khozin-Goldberg I., Iskandarov U. & Cohen Z. 2011. LC-PUFA from photosynthetic microalgae: occurrence, biosynthesis, and prospects in biotechnology, Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 91(4), 905.
Kumari P., Bijo A. J., Mantri V. A., Reddy C. R. K. & Jha B. 2013. Fatty acid profiling of tropical marine macroalgae: an analysis from chemotaxonomic and nutritional perspectives, Phytochemistry, 86, 44-56.
Li X., Liu J., Chen G., Zhang J., Wang C. & Liu B. 2019. Extraction and purification of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from microalgae: A critical review, Algal Research, 43, 101619.
Liu L., Qu X., Li X., Bora A. F. M., Chen P., Wang H. & Wang C. 2018. Effect of exopolysaccharides-producing strain on oxidation stability of DHA micro algae oil microcapsules, Food bioscience, 23, 60-66.
Ma Y., Ye X., Hao Y., Xu G., Xu G. & Liu D. 2008. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of hesperidin from Penggan (Citrus reticulata) peel, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 15(3), 227-232.
Maran J. P., Manikandan S., Nivetha C. V. & Dinesh R. 2017. Ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Nephelium lappaceum L. fruit peel using central composite face centered response surface design, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S1145-S1157.
Martins D. A., Custódio L., Barreira L., Pereira H., Ben-Hamadou R., Varela J. & Abu-Salah K. M. 2013. Alternative sources of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine microalgae, Marine drugs, 11(7), 2259-2281.
Mitra M. & Mishra S. 2019 A comparative analysis of different extraction solvent systems on the extractability of eicosapentaenoic acid from the marine eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis oceanica, Algal Research, 38, 101387. Mitra M., Patidar S. K. & Mishra S. 2015. Integrated process of two stage cultivation of Nannochloropsis sp. for nutraceutically valuable eicosapentaenoic acid along with biodiesel, Bioresource Technology, 193, 363-369.
Myers R. H., Montgomery D. C. & Anderson-Cook C. M. 2002. Process and product optimization using designed experiments, Response surface methodology, 2, 328-335.
Oterhals Å., Kvamme B. & Berntssen M. H. 2010. Modeling of a short-path distillation process to remove persistent organic pollutants in fish oil based on process parameters and quantitative structure properties relationships, Chemosphere, 80(2), 83-92.
Özogul Y. & Özogul F. 2007. Fatty acid profiles of commercially important fish species from the Mediterranean, Aegean and Black Seas, Food Chemistry, 100(4), 1634-1638.
Punia S., Sandhu K. S., Siroha A. K. & Dhull S. B. 2019. Omega 3-metabolism, absorption, bioavailability and health benefits–A review, PharmaNutrition, 10, 100162.
Rebolloso-Fuentes M. M., Navarro-Pérez A., García-Camacho F., Ramos-Miras,J. J. & Guil-Guerrero, J. L. 2001. Biomass nutrient profiles of the microalga Nannochloropsis, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(6), 2966-2972.
Ryan L. & Symington,A. M. 2015. Algal-oil supplements are a viable alternative to fish-oil supplements in terms of docosahexaenoic acid (22: 6n-3; DHA), Journal of functional foods, 19, 852-858.
Ryckebosch E., Bermúdez S. P. C., Termote-Verhalle R., Bruneel C., Muylaert K., Parra-Saldivar R. & Foubert I. 2014. Influence of extraction solvent system on the extractability of lipid components from the biomass of Nannochloropsis gaditana, Journal of Applied Phycology, 26(3), 1501-1510.
Ryckebosch E., Bruneel C., Termote-Verhalle R., Muylaert K. & Foubert I. 2014b. Influence of extraction solvent system on extractability of lipid components from different microalgae species, Algal Research, 3, 36-43.
Saber M., Nakhshiniev B. & Yoshikawa K. 2016. A review of production and upgrading of algal bio-oil, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 918-930.
Schambach J. Y., Finck A. M., Kitin P., Hunt C. G., Hanschen E. R., Vogler B. ... & Barry A. N. 2020. Growth, total lipid, and omega-3 fatty acid production by Nannochloropsis spp. cultivated with raw plant substrate, Algal Research, 51, 102041.
Shen Y., Pei Z., Yuan W. & Mao E. 2009. Effect of nitrogen and extraction method on algae lipid yield, International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 2(1), 51-57. Spolaore P., Joannis-Cassan C., Duran E. & Isambert A. 2006. Commercial applications of microalgae, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering, 101(2), 87-96.
Topuz O. K., Gokoglu N., Yerlikaya P., Ucak I. & Gumus B. 2016. Optimization of antioxidant activity and phenolic compound extraction conditions from red seaweed (Laurencia obtuse), Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 25(3), 414-422.
Topuz O. K., Yerlikaya P., Yatmaz H. A., Kaya A. & Alp A. C. 2017. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents of meat and egg of rainbow Trout fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, 312-315.
Ulbricht T. L. V. & Southgate D. A. T. 1991. Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors, The lancet, 338(8773), 985-992.
Vinatoru M., Toma M., Radu O., Filip P. I., Lazurca D. & Mason T. J. 1997. The use of ultrasound for the extraction of bioactive principles from plant materials, Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 4(2), 135-139.
Wang S., Zhu J., Dai L., Zhao X., Liu D. & Du W. 2016. A novel process on lipid extraction from microalgae for biodiesel production, Energy, 115, 963-968.