Q Humması

Q humması; obligat intrasellüler, faz varyasyonu sergileyen, çevresel şartlara direnç gösteren ve fagolizozomlar içerisinde hayatta kalma kabiliyetine sahip bir bakteri olan, Coxiella burnetii’nin neden olduğu önemli bir zoonozdur. Bu zoonoz hastalığa neden olan etkeninin özelliğinin, bulaş yollarının, hastalığın patogenezinin anlaşılması, teşhisinin hızlı ve doğru bir şekilde yapılmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Bu makalede, etken özellikleri, bulaş yolları, patogenez ve teşhis metotlarına değinilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, Q Humması, Elçin GÜNAYDIN, Hamit Kaan MÜŞTAK, 2013

Q Fever

Q fever is a significant zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular bacterium, exhibiting phase variation, resistant to enviromental conditions, capable of surviving in phagolysosomes. Understanding of the features of the agent causing the zoonosis, contamination path, and the pathogenesis will contribute to rapid and accurate diagnosing. In this review, features of the agent, contamination path, pathogenesis and diagnostic methods are mentioned.

PDF

___

Akporiaye ET, Baca OG, (1983). Superoxide anion production and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in Coxiella burnetii. J Bacteriol. 154, 520-523.
Andoh M, Nagaoka H, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H, Hirai K, (2004). Comparison of Japanese isolates of Coxiella burnetii by PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis. Microbiol Immunol. 48, 971-5.
Anonim, (2008). Q fever. Erişim adresi: http://www. oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/ tahm/2.01.12_Q-FEVER.pdf
Arricau-Bouvery N, Hauck Y, Bejaoui A., Frangoulidis D, Bodier C, Souriau A, Meyer H, Neubauer H, Rodolakıs A, Vergnaud G, (2006). Molecular characterization of Coxiella burnetii isolates by infrequent restriction site-PCR and MLVA typing. BMC Microbiol. 6, 38.
Arricau-Bouvery N, Souriau A, Bodier C, Dufour P, Rousette E, Rodolakis A, (2005). Effect of vaccination with phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii vaccines in pregnant goats. Vaccine, 23, 4392-4402.
Arricau-Bouvery N, Rodokalis A, (2005). Is Q fever an emerging or re-emerging zoonosis? Vet Res. 3, 327-349.
Aydın N, İzgür M, Diker KS, (2006). Q Fever. Aydın N, Paracıkoğlu J. eds. Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji. İlke-Emek Yayınları, Ankara.p. 219-221.
Barlow J, Rauch B, Welcome F, Kim SG, Dubovi E, Schukken Y, (2008). Association between Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. Vet Res. 39, 23-27.
Brennan RE, Russell K, Zhang G, and Samuel JE, (2004). Both inducible nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase contribute to the control of virulent phase I Coxiella burnetii infections. Infect Immun. 72, 6666- 6675.
Bruin A, de Groot A, de Heer L, Bok J, Wielinga PR, Hamans M, van Rotterdam BJ, Janse I, (2011). Detection of Coxiella burnetii in complex matrices by using multiplex quantitative PCR during a major Q fever outbreak in The Netherlands. Appl Environ Microbiol. 77, 6516-23.
Cantas H, Muwonge A, Sareyyupoglu B, Yardimci H, Skjerve E. (2011). Q fever abortions in ruminants and associated on-farm risk factors in northern Cyprus, BMC Vet Res. 17,7:13.
Chen C, Dow C, Wang P, (2011). Identification of CD4+ T cell epitopes in C.burnetii antigens targeted by antibody responses. Plos One. 6, e17712.
Chmielewski, T, Sidi-Boumedine K, Duquesne V, Podsiadly E, Thiéry R, Tylewska-Wierzbanowska S, (2009). Molecular epidemiology of Q fever in Poland. Pol J Microbiol. 58, 9-13.
Coleman SA, Fischer ER, Mead DJ, Heinzen RA, (2004). Temporal analysis of Coxiella burnetii morphological differentiation. J Bacteriol. 186, 7344-7352.
Dehkordi FS, (2011). Prevalence Study of Coxiella burnetii in aborted ovine and caprine fetusus by evaluation of nested and real time PCR assays. Am J Anim Vet Sci. 6, 180-186.
Derrick EH, (1937). Q fever, new fever entity: clinical features, diagnosis and laboratory investigation. Med J Aust. 2, 281-299.
Dilbeck P. M. and McElwain TF, (1994). Immunohistochemical detection of Coxiella burnetti in formalin- fixed placenta. J Vet Diag Invest. 6,125-127.
ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) (2010). Panel with Representatives from the Netherlands, France, Germany, United Kingdom, United States of America. Risk assessment on Q fever. ECDC Technical Report, 40 pp. doi:10.2900/28860.
Edingloh M, Merck CC, Manz E. (1999). Multiplex PCR for the diagnostic detection of Coxiella burnetii in cow’s milk. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 112, 5-9.
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2010). Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). Scientific Opinion on Q Fever. EFSA Journal, 8,1595, 114. doi:10.2903/j. efsa.2010.1595.
Fenollar F, Fournier PE, and Raoult D, (2004). Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in the sera of patients with Q fever endocarditis or vascular infection. J Clin Microbiol. 42, 4919-4924.
Fournier PE, Marrie TJ, and Raoult D, (1998). Diagnosis of Q fever. J Clin Microbiol. 36, 1823-1834.
Fournier PE and Raoult D, (2003). Comparison of PCR and serology assays for early diagnosis of acute Q fever. J Clin Microbiol. 41, 5094-5098.
Frangoulidis D, Rodolakis A, Heiser V, Landt O, Splettstoesser W, and Meyer H, (2009). DNA microarray- chip based diagnosis of Q-fever (Coxiella burnetii). Clin Microbiol Infect. 15, 165-166.
Gami AS, Antonios VS, Thompson RL, Chaliki HP, Ammash NM, (2004). Q fever endocarditis in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc. 79, 253-257.
Gimenez DF, (1964). Staining rickettsiae in yolk-sac cultures. Stain Technol. 39, 135-140.
Glazunova O, Roux V, Freylikman O, Sekeyova Z, Fournous G, Tyczka J, Tokarevich N, Kovacava E, Marrie T, Raoult D, (2005). Coxiella burnetii genotyping. Emerg Infect Dis. 11, 1211-1217.
Guatteo R, Beaudeau F, Berri M, Rodolakis A, Jolyc A, and Seegers H, (2006). Shedding routes of Coxiella burnetii in dairy cows: implications for detection and control. Vet Res. 37, 827-833.
Guatteo R, Beaudeau F, Ledoux D, Le Drean E, and Seegers H, (2007). Risk of false-negative results when delaying PCR from sampling for Coxiella burnetii detection in dairy cows. Rev Med Vet. 158, 641-644.
Hartzell JD, Wood-Morris RN, Martinez LJ, Trotta RF, (2008). Q fever: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 83, 574-579.
Heinzen R, Stiegler GL, Whiting LL, Schmitt SA, Mallavia LP, Frazier ME, (1990). Use of pulsed field gel electrophoresis to differentiate Coxiella burnetii strains. Ann NY Acad Sci. 590, 504-513.
Hendrix LR, Samuel JE, Mallavia LP, (1991). Differentiation of Coxiella burnetii isolates by analysis of restriction-endonuclease-digested DNA separated by SDSPAGE. J Gen Microbiol. 137, 269-276.
Hill J and Samuel JE, (2011). Coxiella burnetii acid phosphatase inhibits the release of reactive oxygen intermediates in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect Immun. 79, 414-420.
Hou MY, Hung MN, Lin PS, (2011). Use of a single-tube nested real-time PCR assay to facilitate the early diagnosis of acute Q fever. Japanese J Infect Dis. 64, 161-162.
Ibrahim A, Norlander L, Macellaro A, Sjöstedt A, (1997). Specific detection of Coxiella burnetii through partial amplification of 23S rDNA. Eur J Epidemiol. 13, 329-34.
Kırkan Ş, Kaya O, Tekbıyık S, Parin U, (2008). Detection of Coxiella burnetii in cattle by PCR. Turk J Vet Anm Sci 32, 215-220.
Klaassen CH, Nabuurs-Franssen MH, Tilburg JJ, Hamans MA, Horrevorts AM, (2009). Multigenotype Q fever outbreak, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 15, 613- 614.
Kramer M, Obermajer N, Matijasic BB, Rogelj, Kmetec V, (2009). Quantification of live and dead probiotic bacteria in lyophilized products by real-time PCR and by flow cytometry. Appl Microbiol Biotech. 84, 1137-1147.
Lorenz H, Jäger C, Willems H, Baljer G, (1998). PCR detection of Coxiella burnetii from different clinical specimens, especially bovine milk, on the basis of DNA preparation with a silica matrix. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64, 4234-4237.
Mo. YY, Cianciotto NP, Mallavia LP, (1995). Molecular cloning of a Coxiella burnetii gene encoding a macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) analogue. Microbiol. 141, 2861-2871.
Nourollahi Fard SR, Khalili M, (2011). PCR-Detection of Coxiella burnetii in ticks collecetd from sheep and goats in southeast Iran. Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 5, 1-6.
Omsland A, Cockrell DC, Howe D, (2009). Host cellfree growth of the Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.106, 4430-4434.
Porter RS, Czaplicki G, Mainil J, Guatt´eo R, Saegerman C, (2011). Q Fever: Current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis. Int J Microbiol. 248418, 1-22.
Redd T, Thompson HA, (1995). Secretion of proteins by Coxiella burnetii. Microbiol. 141, 363-369.
Reichel R, Mearns R, Brunton L, Jones R, Horigan M, Vipond R, Vincent G, Evans S, (2012). Description of a Coxiella burnetii abortion outbreak in a dairy goat herd, and associated serology, PCR and genotyping results. Res Vet Sci. 93, 1217-1224
Rousset E, Duquesne V, Russo P, Thi´ery R, (2007). Fi`evre Q: probl´ematiques et risques sanitaires. Bull Acad Vet France. 160,107-114.
Rousset E, Durand B, Berri M, (2007). Comparative diagnostic potential of three serological tests for abortive Q fever in goat herds. Vet Microbiol. 124, 286-297.
Samuel JE, (2000). Developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii in Procaryotic Development, Y. V. Brun and L. J. Shimkets, Eds., ASM Press,Washington, DC, USA, p. 427- 440.
Schneebereger PM, Hermans MHA, van Hannen EJ, Schellekens JJA, Leenders ACA, Wever PC, (2010). Real-Time PCR with serum samples is dispensable for early diagnosis of acute Q fever. Clin Vac Immunol. 2, 286-290.
Shannon JG, Cockrell DC, Takahashi K, Stahl GL, and Heinzen RA, (2009). Antibody-mediated immunity to the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii is Fc receptor- and complement-independent. BMC Immunol. 10, 26-36.
Van den Brom R, van Engelen E, Vos J, Luttikholt SJM Moll L, Roest HIJ, van der Heijden HMJF, Vellema P, (2013). Detection of Coxiella burnetii in the bulk tank milk from a farm with vaccinated goats, by using specific PCR technique. Small Rumin Res. 110, 150-154.
Vigil A, Ortega R, Nakajima-Sasaki R, (2010). Genomewide profiling of humoral immune response to Coxiella burnetii infection by protein microarray. Proteomics. 10, 2259-2269.
Willems H, Thiele D, Frölich-Ritter R, Krauss H, (1994). Detection of Coxiella burnetii in cow’s milk using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 41, 580-587.
Willems H, Thiele D, Krauss H. (1993). Plasmid based differentiation and detection of Coxiella burnetii in clinical samples. Eur J Epidemiol. 9, 411-418.
Zhang GQ, Hotta A, Mizutani M, (1998). Direct identification of Coxiella burnetii plasmids in human sera by nested PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 36, 2210-2213.