Bir Sosyalleşme ve Kişilik Oluşturma Aracı Olarak Sosyal Sınıflar

Bir sosyo-ekonomik seviye göstergesi olarak sosyal sınıf gruplaşmaları, kastlara ve renk kastlarına nazaran, kendi içerisinde, bir dereceye kadar sosyal hareketliliğe imkân veren sosyal yapı kuruluşlarıdır. En belirgin şekilleriyle şehirlerde oluşmuş olan bu gruplar, aynı zamanda birer cemaat (yerel toplum) özelliğine sahiptirler. İş, meslek, gelir, eğitim seviyesi ve benimsenen hayat tarzı bakımından farklaşmış, değişik özellikte mahalle veya semtlerde ve evlerde oturmakta olan bu gruplar, benimsedikleri genel kültürün yanında, birer grup olarak, onların tavır ve hareketlerine şekil veren, birbirleriyle olan kalıplaşmış ilişkilerini belirleyen, en belirgin şekillerini Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde gördüğümüz tâli-kültür kalıplarına da sahiptirler. Yazımız, tarihî bir inceleme seyri izleyerek, kabaca yüksek, orta ve aşağı olarak nitelenebilecek sosyal sınıfların ne tür tâli- kültür özelliklerine sahip olduklarını; oluşmuş bulunan bu kültürel zeminlerde ne tür sosyalleşme tekniklerinin uygulanmış olduğunu; tâli-kültürlerin bireylerin kişilikleri ve sosyo-kültürel kişilikleri üzerinde ne gibi olumlu ve olumsuz etkileri bulunabileceğini; bu etkileme ile oluşmuş status kişiliklerinin, sınıf atlama anlamında, bir dikey hareketliliğe yol açıp açmadığını; bir insanın sınıfını yükseltmesinde, başarı motivasyonu denen psikolojik mekanizmanın, aşılanan yükselme hırsının bir etkisinin bulunup bulunmadığını; ve bugünün sanayileşmiş toplumlarında sınıf atlamada öne çıkan bir faktör olarak, eğitimin, maharet sahibi olmanın, bir başka deyimle, insanî sermayenin rolünün ne olduğunu incelemeye çalışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Sosyal sınıf, tâli-kültür, sosyalleşme, kişilik, dikey hareketlilik, başarı motivasyonu, eğitim

Social Classes as a Factor of Socialization and Personality Formation

Social class groupings, in reference to castes and color castes as an indicator of socioeconomic status, are social structures which, to certain extent, allow social mobility. These groups, in their most coherent shape, have formed in the cities, at the same time each have local community characteristics. These groups that are residing in districts, neighborhoods and buildings of different characters are differentiated by occupation, income, education level and accepted life style, in addition to the general culture they have adopted, have also sub-cultural patterns that shape their attitudes and value orientations which are observed most manifestly in the United States (of America). Following an historical investigation route, our essay tries to study the kinds of social structural characteristics of classes that may rouphly be classified as high, medium and low. We also study, whether the socializing functions of sub-cultures have these classes on personality formation; whether the status personalities formed by sociocultural interaction processes cause any vertical mobility; whether the psychological mechanism called achievement motivation has any effect in one’s going up and down in class position and whether the role of education and aspiration in occupation as a leading factor or nearly indispensable prerequisite for social mobility in the industrialized communities of present day.

Keywords:

Social class, sub-culture, socialization, personality, vertical mobility, achievement motivation, education,

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