___

• Aktaş M, Dumanlı N, Altay T, 2005. Elazığ yöresinde koyun ve keçilerde Theileria ovis’in polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu ile araştırılması. T Parazitol Derg, 29 (1): 17-21.
• Alhassan A, Pumidonming W, Okamura M, Hirata H, Battsetseg B, Fujisaki K, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I, 2005.Development of a single- round and multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of Babesia caballi and Babesia equi in horse blood. Vet Parasitol, 129: 43-49.
• Aparecida HS Gomes, Isabelle MR Ferreira, Maria LSR Lima, Elaine A Cunha, Andrea S Garcia, Maria FL Araşjo, Vera L Pereira- Chioccola, Leishmania in diagnosis and control of canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol, 144: 234-241. of
• Aydoğan S, Doğruman ALF, Eren A, Kalkancı A, Kuştimur S, Biri A, 2005.Toxoplasma gondii infeksiyonu tanısında iki turlu gerçek zamanlı (Real-Time) polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu yönte- minin kullanılması. T Parazitol Derg, 29 (2): 80-84.
• Babiker HA, Abdel-Wahab A, Ahmed S, Suleiman S, Ranford-Cartwright L, Carter R, Walliker D, 1999. Detection of low level Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes using reverse reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 99: 143-148. polymerase chain
• Bilgin Z,2007. Trakya’da Sığırlarda Bulunan Theileria ve Babesia Türlerinin ve Bunların Sığırlarda Yaygınlığının Reverse Line Blotting (RLB) Tekniği ile Araştırılması. Doktora Tezi. İstanbul Üniv Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstan- bul.
• Boldbaatar D, Xuan X, Kimbita E, Huang X, Igarashi I, Byambaa B, Battsetseg B, Battur B, Battsetseg G, Batsukh Z, Nagasawa H, Fujisaki K, Mikami T, 2001.Detection of antibodies to Hypoderma lineatum in cattle by Western blotting with recombinant hypodermin C antigen. Vet Parasitol, 99: 147-154.
• Campos-Gongora E, Ebert F, Willhoeft U, Said-Fernandez Characterization of Chitin Synthases from Entamoeba. Protist Sep, 155 (3): 323-30.
• Dilsiz N, 2004. Moleküler Biyoloji. Palma Ya- yıncılık. Yayın No: 279, pp. 55-60.
• Don RH, Cox PT, Wainwright BJ, Baker K, Mattick JS, 1991. Touchdown PCR to circumvent spurious priming during gene amplification. Nuc Acids Res, 19: 4008.
• Gallego-Marin C, Henao AC, Gomez-Marin JE, 2005. Clinical validation of a Western blot assay for congenital toxoplasmosis and newborn screening in a hospital in Armenia (Quindio) Colombia. J Trop Ped, 52 (2): 107- 112.
• Gasser RB, 2006. Molecular tools advances, opportunities and prospects. Vet Parasitol, 136: 69-89.
• Genest PA, Riet B, Cijsouw T, Luenen HGAM, Borst P, 2007. Telomeric localization of the modified DNA base J in the genome of the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Nuc Acids Res, 35 (7): 2116-2124.
• Gookin JL, Stone MR, Yaeger MJ, Meyerholz DK, Moisan P, 2010.Fluorescence in situ hybridization Tritrichomonas foetus in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded histological specimens of intestinal trichomonosis. Vet Parasitol, 172 (1- 2): 139-143. identification of
• Harper DR, Coles BF, 1996. Western (immuno) radioimmuneprecipitation. In: Mahy BWJ, Kangro HO (eds). Virology methods manual. Academic Pres, San Diego, pp. 261-266. and
• Hodgkinson JE, 2006. Molecular diagnosis and equine parasitology. Vet Parasitol, 136: 109-16.
• Homwutthiwong K, Meepool A, Grams R, Wanichanon C, Viyanant V, Sobhon P, 2009. Cloning, characterization and expression of vitelline protein BI and ITS encoding gen in the liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica Southeast Asian. J Trop Med Pub Health, 40 (2): 199-210.
• Türkiye’nin çeşitli bölgelerinde (Tablo 1) ve Erciyes
• Üniversitesi (ERÜ) Veteriner Fakültesi Parazitoloji
• Anabilim Dalında (Tablo 2) çeşitli parazitlere ait
• DNA dizi analizi çalışmaları yapılmıştır.
• Sonuç olarak, moleküler biyolojik tekniklerin gelişi
• mi veteriner parazitoloji sahasında helmint ve
• protozoon enfeksiyonlarının tanısı başta olmak
• üzere, parazitlerin hayat döngüleri ve patogenez
• gibi bilinmeyen bazı hususların açıklanmasında
• uygulama alanı bulmuşlardır (12). Yine bu yöntem
• ler, bilinen mevcut parazitlerin alt tür ya da farklı
• genotipleri ile bugüne kadar bilinmeyen yeni para
• zit türlerinin tanımlanmalarına da önemli katkılar
• sağlamıştır (12). Kaynaklar
• Aktaş M, Dumanlı N, Altay T, 2005. Elazığ yöresinde koyun ve keçilerde Theileria ovis’in polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu ile araştırılması. T Parazitol Derg, 29 (1): 17-21.
• Alhassan A, Pumidonming W, Okamura M, Hirata H, Battsetseg B, Fujisaki K, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I, 2005.Development of a single- round and multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of Babesia caballi and Babesia equi in horse blood. Vet Parasitol, 129: 43-49.
• Aparecida HS Gomes, Isabelle MR Ferreira, Maria LSR Lima, Elaine A Cunha, Andrea S Garcia, Maria FL Araşjo, Vera L Pereira- Chioccola, Leishmania in diagnosis and control of canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol, 144: 234-241. of
• Aydoğan S, Doğruman ALF, Eren A, Kalkancı A, Kuştimur S, Biri A, 2005.Toxoplasma gondii infeksiyonu tanısında iki turlu gerçek zamanlı (Real-Time) polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu yönte- minin kullanılması. T Parazitol Derg, 29 (2): 80-84.
• Babiker HA, Abdel-Wahab A, Ahmed S, Suleiman S, Ranford-Cartwright L, Carter R, Walliker D, 1999. Detection of low level Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes using reverse reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 99: 143-148. polymerase chain
• Bilgin Z,2007. Trakya’da Sığırlarda Bulunan Theileria ve Babesia Türlerinin ve Bunların Sığırlarda Yaygınlığının Reverse Line Blotting (RLB) Tekniği ile Araştırılması. Doktora Tezi. İstanbul Üniv Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstan- bul.
• Boldbaatar D, Xuan X, Kimbita E, Huang X, Igarashi I, Byambaa B, Battsetseg B, Battur B, Battsetseg G, Batsukh Z, Nagasawa H, Fujisaki K, Mikami T, 2001. antibodies to Hypoderma lineatum in cattle by Western blotting with recombinant hypodermin C antigen. Vet Parasitol, 99: 147-154.
• Campos-Gongora E, Ebert F, Willhoeft U, Said-Fernandez Characterization of Chitin Synthases from Entamoeba. Protist Sep, 155 (3): 323-30.
• Dilsiz N, 2004. Moleküler Biyoloji. Palma Ya- yıncılık. Yayın No: 279, pp. 55-60.
• Don RH, Cox PT, Wainwright BJ, Baker K, Mattick JS, 1991. Touchdown PCR to circumvent spurious priming during gene amplification. Nuc Acids Res, 19: 4008.
• Gallego-Marin C, Henao AC, Gomez-Marin JE, 2005. Clinical validation of a Western blot assay for congenital toxoplasmosis and newborn screening in a hospital in Armenia (Quindio) Colombia. J Trop Ped, 52 (2): 107- 112.
• Gasser RB, 2006. Molecular tools advances, opportunities and prospects. Vet Parasitol, 136: 69-89.
• Genest PA, Riet B, Cijsouw T, Luenen HGAM, Borst P, 2007. Telomeric localization of the modified DNA base J in the genome of the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Nuc Acids Res, 35 (7): 2116-2124.
• Gookin JL, Stone MR, Yaeger MJ, Meyerholz DK, Moisan P, 2010.Fluorescence in situ hybridization Tritrichomonas foetus in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded histological specimens of intestinal trichomonosis. Vet Parasitol, 172 (1- 2): 139-143. identification of
• Harper DR, Coles BF, 1996. Western (immuno) radioimmuneprecipitation. In: Mahy BWJ, Kangro HO (eds). Virology methods manual. Academic Pres, San Diego, pp. 261-266. and
• Hodgkinson JE, 2006. Molecular diagnosis and equine parasitology. Vet Parasitol, 136: 109-16.
• Homwutthiwong K, Meepool A, Grams R, Wanichanon C, Viyanant V, Sobhon P, 2009. Cloning, characterization and expression of vitelline protein BI and ITS encoding gen in the liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica Southeast Asian. J Trop Med Pub Health, 40 (2): 199-210.
• Intapan PM, Kosuwan T, Wongkham C, Maleewong characterization of lung flukes, Paragonimus heterotremus, P. siamensis, P. harinasutai, P. westermani and P.bangkokensis by RAPD markers. Vet Parasitol, 124: 55-64. Genomic
• Ionita M, Howe DK, Lyons ET, Tolliver SC, Kaplan RM, Mitrea IL, Yeargan M, 2010.Use of a reverse line blot assay to survey small strongyle populations in horses before and after treatment with ivermectin. Vet Parasitol, 168: 332-337. Cyathostominae)
• İça A, Vatansever Z, Yıldırım A, Düzlü Ö, İnci A, 2007. Detection of Theileria and Babesia species in ticks collected from cattle. Vet Parasitol, 148: 156-160.
• Klokouzas A, Shahi S, Hladky SB, Barrand MA, Van Veen HW, 2003. ABC transporters and drug resistance in parasitic protozoa. Inter J Antimicrob Agent, 22: 301-317.
• Konrad C, Kroner A, Spiliotis M, Zavala- Gongora R, Brehm K, 2003. Identification and molecular characterization of a gene encoding a member ofthe insulin receptor family in Echinococcus multilocularis. Parasitology, 33: 301-12 Int Jour For
• Kubista M, Andrade JM, Bengtsson M, Forootan A, Jonak J, Lind K, Sindelka R, Sjöback R, Sjögreen B, Strömbom L, Stahlberg A, Zoric N, 2006. The real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mol Aspects Med, 27: 95-125.
• Li Y, Wang C, Allen KE, Little SE, Ahluwalia SK, Gao D, MacintireDK, Blagburn BL, Kaltenboeck B, 2008.Diagnosis of canine Hepatozoon spp. infection by quantitative PCR. Vet Parasitol, 157: 50-58.
• Logan J, Edwards K, 2009. An overview of PCR platforms. In: Logan J, Edwards K, Saunders N eds, Real Time PCR: Current technology Academic Pres; p 8. applications. Caister
• Löschenberger K, Szölgyenyi W, Peschke R, Prosl H, 2004. Detection of the protozoan Neospora caninum using in situ polymerase chain reaction. Biotech Histochem, 79 (2): 101-105.
• Magalhaes KG, Jannotti-Passos LK, Caldeira RL, Aires Berne ME, Muller G, Carvalho OS, Lenzi HL, 2008.Isolation and detection of Fasciola hepatica DNA in Lymnaea viatrix from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues through multiplex-PCR. Vet Parasitol, 152: 333-38.
• Markoulatos P, Siafakas N, Moncany M, 2002. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction: A practical approach. J Clin Lab Anal, 16: 47- 51.
• Maxam A, Gibert W, 1977. A new method of sequencing DNA. PNAS, 74: 560-564.
• McPherson MJ, Moller SG, 2000. The Basics. New York: Cromwell Press, 1-45.
• Monis PT, Andrews RH, Saint CP, 2002. Molecular biology techniques in parasite ecology. Int J Parasitol, 32: 551-562.
• Otranto D, Traversa D, Tarsitano E, Stevens Molecular J, Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera, Oestridae) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Vet Parasitol, 112 (3): 197-201.
• differentiation of fragment length
• Özcel MA, Tanyüksel M, Eren H, 2009. Mole- küler Parazitoloji. Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneği Yayınları, Yayın No:22. 34. Persing HD,
• Polymerase chain
• reaction: Trends to benches. J Clin Microbiol, 29: 1281-1285.
• Prichard R, Tait A, 2001. The role of molecular biology in veterinary parasitology. Vet Parasitol, 98: 169-194.
• Rozenzvit MC, Zhang LH, Kamenetzky L, Canova SG, Guarnera EA, McManus DP, 1999. Genetic variation andepidemiology of Echinococcus Parasitology, 118 (5): 523-530. in Argentina.
• Saito-Ito A,Yano Y, Dantrakool A, Hashimoto T, Takada N, 2004. Survey of rodents and ticks in human babesiosis emergence area in Japan: First detection of Babesia microti- like parasites in Ixodes ovatus. J Clin Microbiol, 42 (5): 2268-2270.
• Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR, 1977. DNA sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors. PNAS, 74: 5463-5467.
• Siles-Lucas M, Nunes CP, Zaha A, 2001. Comparative analysis of the 14-3-3 gene and its expression in Echinococcus granulosus and metacestodes. Parasitol, 122: 281-87. multilocularis 40. Siqueira JF, Roças as avaluable tool methodology identification of endodontic pathogens. Dent, 31 (5): 333-339. for J
• Sungur T, Kar S, Güven E, Aktaş M, Karaer Z, Vatansever Z, 2008. spp’nin dışkıdan Nested PCR ve Carbol Fuchsin boyama ile teşhis edilmesi. Parazitol Derg, 32 (4): 305-308. T
• Suzuki T, Osada Y, Kumagai T, Hamada A, Okuzawa E, Kanazawa T, 2006. Early detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection by touchdown PCR in a mouse model. Parasitol Int, 55: 213-218.
• Temizkan G, Arda N, 2004. Moleküler Biyolo- jide Kullanılan Yöntemler. 2.baskı. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, İstanbul.
• Teo IA, Shaunak S, 1995. Polymerase chain reaction in situ: an appraisal of an emerging technique. Histochem J, 27(9): 647-659.
• Thanchomnang T, Intapan PM, Lulitanond V, S, Sangmaneedet Taweethavonsawat Maleewong W, 2010. Dirofilaria immitis in mosquito vectors and dogs resonance energy transfer PCR and melting curve analysis. Vet Parasitol, 168: 255-260. S, W, P, using a real-time fluorescence
• Us D, 2006. Serolojik tanı yöntemleri uygula- ma ve değerlendirme. Ankara: Hacettepe Üni- versitesi Basımevi; s: 43-45.
• Ütük AE, Şimşek S, Köroğlu E, 2005. Echinococcus karakterizasyonu. T Parazitol Derg, 29 (3): 171-176.
• Wikipedia Website: Nested polymerase chain reaction. Erişim:http:// http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Nested polymerase chain reaction. Erişim tarihi: 12.03.2010
• Yağcı A, 2001. Restriction Lenght Fragment Polymorphism ve polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu bazlı tipleme yöntemleri. Durmaz R (ed). Uy- gulamalı Moleküler Mikrobiyoloji. İstanbul, Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, s: 149-160.