Çin, Kovid-19 Pandemisinin Yayılmasından Sorumlu Tutulabilir mi?

Uluslararası bir yükümlülüğün ihlali, o Devletin uluslararasısorumluluğunu gerektirir, bu da ilgili devletin tazminatyükümlülüğünü veya zarar gören devletin tazminat arama ya da karşıönlemlere başvurma hakkını veya bazı durumlarda belirli yollarla buyasa dışı eyleme karşı uluslararası toplumun bir bütün olarak yanıtverme hakkını gerektirmektedir. Uluslararası hukuka aykırı bir fiilinen olağan sonucu, bu fiilden zarar gören devletin, ihlal ettiğiyükümlülüğünü yerine getirmek veya tazminini sağlamak içinotomatik olarak uluslararası hukukta öngörülen tedbir ve usullerebaşvurmasıdır. Literatürde devlet sorumluluğu kavramı ile ilgili çalışmalarabakıldığında genel itibariyle çalışmaların komşu devletlerin birbirl erine verdikleri zararların tanzim edilmesi veya meydana gelen birolay neticesinde birden fazla devletin zarar görmesi nedeniylebölgesel anlamda oluşan bir yükümlülük ihlalinin olduğugörülmektedir. Bu bakımdan devlet sorumluluğu kavramı kapsamın da küresel olarak tüm dünya devletlerini etkileyen pandemi gibi birolgunun pek fazla tartışılmadığı görülmektedir.Bu durum tüm dünyayı etkileyen ve 4,5 milyondan fazla insanınölmesine ve yaklaşık 1 milyar insanın hasta olmasına neden olanCOVID-19 Pandemisi içinde geçerlidir. Gelinen noktada insanlar vehükümetler sözkonusu bu küresel salgından kimin sorumlu olduğuveya olması gerektiği sorusunun cevabını bulmaya çalışıyorlar. Birbakıma aslında herkes bir günah keçisi arıyor. Özellikle ABD ve Avru- palı devletler, Çin'in uluslararası yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmediğive COVID-19 pandemisinin dünyaya yayılmasına neden olduğu ger ekçesiyle devlet olarak tüm sorumluluğu üstlenmesini ve meydanagelen zararlarının karşılanmasını bekliyorlar. Bu bakımdan buçalışma genel olarak Uluslararası hukukta yer alan devlet sorumlu luğu kavramını açıklayarak bu kavram üzerinden COVID-19 pande misine yönelik yaklaşımları incelemektedir. Şimdiye kadar yapılanCOVID-19 ile ilgili çalışmalar genel olarak pandeminin neden olduğuekonomik, siyasi, psikolojik, sosyolojik ve sağlık hizmetleri boyutuylaele alsalarda konunun uluslararası hukuk boyutundan pek fazlaincelenmediği görülmektedir.Çalışmada literature taraması yöntemi kullanılarak DevletSorumluluğu kavramına ilişkin olarak temel prensipler açıklanmış vesonrasında ise Çin hükümetinin COVID-19 salgının tüm dünyayayayılmasındaki sorumlulukları ve uluslararası yükümlülükleri yerinegetirip getirmediği sorunsalı incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Her he kadardevlet sorumluluğu kavramı uluslararası hukukun temel pren siplerinden biri olsa da yaklaşık 2 yıldan beri tüm dünyayı etkileyenpandeminin göreceli olarak yeni olması nedeniyle literatürde doğru dan bu konuyu inceleyen pek fazla akademik çalışma bulunmamak tadır. Bu bakımdan bu çalışmanın literature katkı sağlayacağıbeklenmektedir.

CAN CHINA BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS ROLE INTHE OUTBREAK OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC?

A breach of an international obligation entails that State's inter national responsibility, which entails a reparation obligation of thatState or the right of the injured State to seek redress or to resort tocountermeasures, or, in certain cases, the international community asa whole to respond by certain means to this unlawful act. The mostusual consequence of an act contrary to international law is that thestate that suffered from this act automatically resorted to themeasures and procedures stipulated in international law in order tofulfill the obligation violated by the state that came into effect or toobtain redress from that state. When we look at the studies on the concept of state responsibil ity in the literature, it is seen that there is a violation of the obligation in the regional sense due to the arrangement of the damages causedby the neighboring states to each other or the damage of more thanone state as a result of an event. In this regard, within the scope of theconcept of state responsibility, it is seen that a phenomenon such asthe pandemic, which affects all the states of the world globally, is notdiscussed much. Although the studies on COVID-19 so far have gener ally dealt with the economic, political, psychological, sociological andhealth services dimensions caused by the pandemic, it is seen that theissue has not been examined much from the international law dimen sion. This is also valid for the COVID-19 Pandemic, which affected thewhole world and caused more than 4.5 million deaths and nearly 1billion people to become ill. At this point, people and governments aretrying to find the answer to the question of who is or should be re sponsible for this global epidemic. In a way, everyone is looking for ascapegoat. In particular, the USA and European states expect China totake full responsibility as a state and compensate for its losses on thegrounds that it does not fulfill its international obligations and causesthe spread of the COVID-19 pandemic to the world. In this respect,this study explains the concept of state responsibility in internationallaw in general and examines the approaches to the COVID-19 pan demic through this concept. Although the studies on COVID-19 so farhave generally dealt with the economic, political, psychological, socio logical and health services dimensions caused by the pandemic, it isseen that the issue has not been examined much from the interna tional law dimension.In the study, the basic principles regarding the concept of StateResponsibility were explained using the literature review method,and then the problem of whether the Chinese government fulfilled itsresponsibilities and international obligations in the spread of theCOVID-19 epidemic to the whole world was tried to be examined.Although the concept of state responsibility is one of the basic princi ples of international law, there are not many academic studies direct ly examining this issue in the literature, since the pandemic, whichCan China Be Held Responsible For Its Role In The Outbreak Of Covid-19 Pandemic? 529 has been affecting the whole world for about two years, is relativelynew. In this respect, it is expected that this study will contribute tothe literature.

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