Mustafa YILDIZ, Hakan TERZİ, Behiye URUŞAK

Bitkilerde krom toksisitesi ve hücresel cevaplar

Birçok endüstri alanında çeşitli krom bileşiklerinin aşırı kullanımı, çevrenin bu elementle kontaminasyonu konusunda endişenin artmasına neden olmaktadır. Kromun alınımı ve fitotoksik etkileri bu elementin oksidasyon durumuna bağlıdır. Kromun hem hekzavalent [Cr(VI)] hem de trivalent [Cr(III)] formu fitotoksiktir; fakat Cr(III)’a göre Cr(VI) daha toksiktir. Bitkiler Cr için spesifik bir transport sisteminden yoksun olduğu için sülfat ve demir gibi iyonların taşıyıcıları tarafından alınmaktadır. Krom fitotoksisitesi tohum çimlenmesi ve fide büyümesini inhibe etmekte, besin ve su dengesini bozmakta, pigmentleri degrade etmekte, heme enzimlerinin aktivitesini azaltmakta ve çeşitli metabolitlerin birikimini teşvik etmektedir. Krom fotosentez ve solunum gibi fizyolojik işlevlerde olumsuz etkilere neden olmaktadır. Krom oksidatif zarara neden olan reaktif oksijen türlerinin oluşumunu teşvik etmektedir. Reaktif oksijen türleri lipit peroksidasyonunu başlatma kapasitesine sahiptir. Organik asitler, antioksidant enzimler, prolin birikimi, metallotiyoneinler, alternatif oksidaz yolu ve stres proteinleri bitkilerde ağır metal toleransı mekanizmalarının bileşenleri olarak önemlidir ve toksik metallerin detoksifikasyonu ile ilişkilidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Krom toksisitesi, Büyüme, Klorofil biyosentezi, Reaktif oksijen türleri, Lipit peroksidasyonu, Detoksifikasyon mekanizmalar

Chromium toxicity and cellular responses in plants

The extensive use of various chromium compounds in numerous industries has caused increasing concern about environmental contamination with this element. The uptake and phytotoxic effects of Cr depends on its oxidation state. Both hexavalent [Cr(VI)] and trivalent [Cr(III)] forms of Cr are phytotoxic, but Cr(VI) is more toxic than Cr(III). Since plants lack a specific transport system for Cr, it is taken up by carriers of essential ions such as sulfate or iron. Cr phytotoxicity inhibits seed germination and seedling growth, disrupts nutrient and water balance, degrades the pigments, reduces the activities of heme enzymes, and induces accumulation of various metabolites. Chromium causes deleterious effects on plant physiological processes such as photosynthesis and respiration. Chromium induces formation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative damage. The reactive oxygen species have the capacity to initiate lipid peroxidation. Organic acids, antioxidant enzymes, proline accumulation, metallothioneins, alternative oxidase pathway and stress proteins are important in plants as components of tolerance mechanisms and are also involved in detoxification of toxic metals.

Keywords:

Chromium toxicity, Growth, Chlorophyll biosynthesis, Reactive oxygen species, Lipid peroxidation, Detoxification mechanisms,

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