Synthetic Wheat: An Indispensable Pre-breeding Source for High Yield and Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Wheat Improvement
Synthetic Wheat: An Indispensable Pre-breeding Source for High Yield and Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Wheat Improvement
In addition to being the most widely cultivated crop, wheat is also the most ancient cultivated plant species. Today, as
in the past, wheat continues to be a crop of strategic importance. Cultivated hexaploid bread wheat (2n=42) consists of
three genome groups (AA, BB, and DD), with each genome group further comprising three diploid wild species. Over the
past 70 years, the world population has been rapidly increasing, while the area of agricultural lands has remained more
or less constant. To be able to feed this continually increasing human population, scientists have begun to investigate the
biological origins/roots of wheat, with the aim of achieving higher yield and greater resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
This was because, based on the studies they performed, they determined that “reconstructing” wheat from its origins was
a more effective solution than working with limited and currently available genetic resources. Bread wheat reconstructed
by using diploid wild forms is called “synthetic wheat”. Synthetic wheat receives certain characteristics from wild forms
that render them superior to cultivated wheat. Diploid wild forms bearing the “D” genome (Aegilopstauschii) are known to
be particularly very resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Nowadays, it has become imperative to use synthetic wheat in
order to increase genetic variation in breeding programs. To break the “yield per unit area” barrier, to ensure world peace,
and to prevent the starvation of children around the world, wheat breeders must place greater emphasis on the production
of synthetic wheat.
___
- Arraiano LS, Worland AJ, Ellerbrook C and Brown
JKM (2001). Chromosomal location of a gene
for resistance to Septoriatritici blotch (Mycosphaerellagraminicola)
in the hexaploid wheat
’Synthetic 6x’. Theor. App. Genet. 103: 758-764.
Arslan A (1995). Bakara Suresi 261. Âyet, Hicretin 9.
Yılı Mîlâdî 630. Büyük Kur’an Tefsiri, Okusan
Yayıncılık. Cilt: 16, s. 62 (in Turkish).
Assefa S and Fehrmann H (2000). Resistance to wheat
leaf rust in Aegilopstauschii Coss. and inheritance
of resistance in hexaploid wheat. Genet.
Res. Crop Evol. 47: 135-140.
Atabay S, Karasu M and Koca C (2014). İklim
Değişikliği ve Geleceğimiz. Yıldız Teknik
Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi, Kütüphane
ve Dokümantasyon Merkezi Sayı: YTÜ.MFBK-2014.0884.
ISBN: 978-975-461-513-5. P.
1-132. İstanbul (in Turkish).
Eastwood RF, Lagudah ES, Appels R, Hannah M
and Kollmorgen JF (1991). Triticumtauschii: a
novel source of resistance to cereal cyst nematode
(Heteroderaavenae). Aust. J. Agric. Res.
42: 69-77.
Bindraban PS (1996). Quantitative Understanding of
Wheat Growgth and Yield for Identifying Crop
Chracteristics to Further Increase. Proceeding of
a Workshop Held in Ciudad Obregon, Sonora,
Mexico by M. P. Reynolds, S Rajaram and A.
McNab, editors. Pages: 230-236.
Blum A (1996). Yield Potantial and Drought Resistance;
Are They Mutually Exclusive. Proceeding
of a Workshop Held in Ciudad Obregon, Sonora,
Mexico by Reynolds MP, Rajaram S and McNab
A, editors. Pages: 90-100.
Bongaarts J (2009). Human population growth and the
demographic transition. Philosophical Transactions
of The Royal Society - B. 364: 2985-2990.
Calderini DF and Ortiz-Monasterio I (2003a). Grain
position affects grain macro nutrientand micronutrient
concentrations in wheat. Crop Sci.
43:141-151.
Calderini DF and Ortiz-Monasterio I (2003b). Are
synthetic hexaploids a means of increasing grain
element concentrations in wheat? Euph. 134:
169-178.
Cassman KG, Dobermann A, Walters DT and Yang
H (2003). Meeting cereal demand while protecting
natural resources and improving
environmental quality. Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour.
28: 315-358.
Chen J and Shi H (2013). Do we need construct more
dams? Agu Fall Meeting. 9–13 December 2013,
Poster. San Francisco-USA.
Cooper JK (2013). Synthetic hexaploid wheat as
a source of improvement for winter wheat
(TriticumaestivumL.) in texas. Texas A&M
University.
Cooper JK, Ibrahim AMH, Rudd J, Malla S, Hays
DB and Baker J (2012). Increasing hard winter
wheat yield potential via synthetic wheat:
I. Path-Coefficient Analysis of Yield and Its
Components. Crop Sci. 52: 2014-2022.
Cox TS, Raupp WJ and Gill BS (1994). Leaf rust–resistance
genes Lr41, Lr42 and Lr43 transferred
from Triticumtauschii to common wheat. Crop
Sci. 34: 339-349.
David M (2013). Dr. Norman Borlaug; "The Man
Who Saved a Billion Lives". (15 October 2013)
Huffington Post.
Del Blanco IA, Rajaram S and Kronstad WE (2001).
Agronomic potential of synthetic hexaploid
wheat-derived populations. Crop Sci. 41: 670-
676.
FAO (1952). The State of Food and Agriculture: Review
and Outlook. Chapter IV - Review and Outlook
by Commodities - Wheat. p. 81-86. Rome.
FAO (2014). Wheat Production Quantity. FAOSTAT
(http://faostat3.fao.org).
Feuillet C, Langridge P and Waugh R (2008). Cereal
breeding takes a walk on the wild side. Trends
Genet. 24: 24-32.
Gill BS, Sharma HC, Raupp, WJ, Browder LE, Hatchett
JH, Harvey TL, Moseman JG and Waines
JG (1985). Evaluation of Aegilops species for
resistance to wheat powdery mildew, wheat leaf
rust, Hessian fly, and greenbug. Plant Dis. 69:
314-316.
Heun M, Schafer-Preg R, Klanan D, Castagna R,
Accerbi, M. Borghi B and Salamini F (1997).
Site of Eirkorn Wheat Domestication Identified
by DNA Fingerpriting. Sci. 278: 1312-1314.
Kaya Y, Palta C and Taner S (2002). Additive main
effects and multiplicative interaction analysis
of yield performance in bread wheat genotypes
across environment. Turk. J. Agric. For. 26:
275-279.
© Plant Breeders Union of Turkey (BİSAB)
51
Kerber ER (1987). Resistance to leaf rust in hexaploid
wheat: Lr32, a third gene derived from
T. tauschii. Crop Sci. 27: 204-206.
Kirtok Y (1997). Genel Tarla Bitkileri. Serin ve Sıcak
İklim Tahılları. Çukurova Üni. Ziraat Fak. Ders
Kitabı. Adana (in Turkish).
Kihara (H) (1944). Discovery of the DD analyser, one
of the ancestors of Triticum vulgare. Agric. Hort.
19: 889-890.
Kimber G and Feldman M (1987). Wild wheat. An introduction.
Special Report 353, College of Agriculture,
University of Missouri, Columbia, USA.
Kong L, Dong Y, Jia J, Kong LR, Dong YC and Jia JZ
(1999). Location of a powdery mildew resistance
gene in Am6, an amphidiploid between Triticum
durum and Aegilopstauschii, and its utilisation.
ActaPhyto. Sinica 26: 116-120.
Lage J, Skovmand B and Andersen S (2004). Field evaluation
of emmer wheat-derived synthetic hexaploid
wheat for resistance to Russian wheat aphid (homoptera:
Aphididae). J. Econ. Ento. 97: 1065-1070.
Lage J, Skovmand B, Pena RJ and Andersen SB (2006).
Grain quality of emmer wheat derived synthetic
hexaploid wheats. Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 53:
955–962.
Loughman R, Lagudah ES, Trottet M, Wilson RE and
Mathews A (2001). Septorianodorum blotch resistance
in Aegilopstauschii and its expression in
synthetic amphiploids. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 52:
1393-1402.
Luo M, Yang Z, You F, Kawahara T, Waines J and
Dvorak J (2007). The structure of wild and domesticated
emmer wheat populations, gene flow
between them, and the site of emmer domestication.
Theor. Appl. Genet. 114: 947–959.
Ma H, RP Singh and A Mujeeb-Kazi (1995). Resistance
to stripe rust in T. turgidum, T. tauschii, and their
synthetic hexaploids. Euph. 82: 117-124.
Marais GF, Potgieter GF and Roux HS (1994). An assessment
of the variation for stem rust resistance
in the progeny of a cross involving the Triticum
species aestivum, turgidum and tauschii. S.A. J.
Plant Soil. 11: 15–19.
Matsuoka Y and Nasuda S (2004). Durum wheat as a
candidate for the unknown female progenitor of
bread wheat: An empirical study with a highly
fertile f-1 hybrid with Aegilopstauschii Coss.
Theor. Appl. Genet. 109: 1710-1717.
McFadden ES and Sears ER (1946). The origin of
Triticum spelta and its free–threshing hexaploid
relatives. J. Hered. 37: 107–116.
Mohammad F, Abdalla OS, Rajaram S, Yaljarouka A,
Khalil SK, Khan NU, Khalil IH and Ahmad AI
(2010).Yield Of synthetic-derived bread wheat
under varying moisture regimes.Pak. J. Bot. 42:
4103-4112.
Mujeeb-Kazi A, Cano S, Rosas V, Cortes A and Delgado
R (2001). Registration of five synthetic hexaploid
wheat and seven bread wheat linesresistant to
wheat spot blotch. Crop Sci. 4: 1653-1654.
Mujeeb-Kazi A and Delgado R (1998). Bread wheat/D
genome synthetic hexaploid derivatives resistant
to Helminthosporiumsativum spot blotch. P. 297-
299. In: Proc. of the Ninth International Wheat
Genet. Symp., (Ed.): A.E. Slinkard. Vol. 3, Section
6. Univ. Ext. Press, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
Mujeeb-Kazi A, Gul A, Farooq M, Rizwan S and Ahmad
I (2008). Rebirth of synthetic hexaploids with
global implications for wheat improvement. Aust.
J. Agric. Res. 59: 391-398.
Mujeeb-Kazi A and Hettel GP (1995). Utilizing Wild
Grass Biodiversity in Wheat Improvement: 15
Years of Wide Cross Research at CMMYT. Report
No: 2. Mexico.
Mujeeb-Kazi A, Rosas V and Roldan S (1996). Conservation
of the genetic variation of T. tauchii
(Coss.) Schmalh. (Aegilopssquarrosa auct. non
L.) in synthetic hexaploid wheats (T. tugidum L.
X T. tauschii; 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) and its
potential utilization of wheat improvement. Genet.
Res. Crop Evol. 43: 129-134.
Mujeeb-Kazi M and Van Ginkel M (2004). Wild wheat
relatives help boost genetic diversity. CIMMYT
News.
Ogbonnaya FC, Ye G, Trethowan R, Dreccer F, Lush
D, Shepperd J and Van Ginkel M (2007). Yield
of synthetic backcross-derived lines in rainfed
environments of Australia. Euph. 157: 321–336.
Pfluger LA, D’Ovidio R, Margiotta B, Pena RJ, MujeebKazi
A and Lafiandra D (2001). Characterisation of
high- and low-molecular weight glutenin subunits
associated to the D genome of Aegilopstauschii in
a collection of synthetic hexaploid wheats. Theor.
Appl. Genet. 103:1293-1301.
Pritchard DJ, Hollington PA, Davies, WP, Gorham
JL, Diaz de Leon F and Mujeeb-Kazi A (2002).
K+/Na+ discrimination in synthetic hexaploid
3(2):45-52, 2017
52
bitki ıslahçıları alt birliği
www.bisab.org.tr
Ekin Journal
wheat lines: Transfer of the trait for K+/Na+
discrimination from Aegilopstauschii into a
Triticumturgidium background. Cereal Res.
Com. 30: 261–267.
Rana RM, Bilal M, Rehman SU, Iqbal F and Shah MKN
(2013). Synthetıc Wheat; A New Hope for the
Hungry World. Asian. J. Agric. Biol. 1: 91-94.
Reddy N, Halloran GM and Nicolas ME (1996).
Agronomic assessment of lines derived from a
direct cross of wheat with T. tauschii L. In: Proc 8th
Assembly of Wheat Breed. Soc. of Australia, (Eds.)
R.A. Richards, C.W. Wrigley, H.M. Rawson, G.J.
Rebetzke, J.L. Davidson and R.I.S. Brettell. pp.
24–26. Canberra, Australia.
Reynolds M and Borlaug N (2006). Impacts of breeding
on international collaborative wheat improvement.
J. Agric. Sci. 144:3-7.
Sayre KD (1990). Improvement of Input-use Efficiency
in Irrigated Wheat Production. In: Crop Management
Physiology Subprogram of the CIMMYT.
Mexico, D.F.
Sears ER (1939). Amphidiploids in the Triticinae induced
by colchicine. J. Hered. 30: 3843.
Sears ER (1941). Amphidiploids in the sevenchromosome
Triticinae. Mo. Agric. Expt. Sta.
Res. Bul. 336.
Sears ER (1944). The amphidiploids Aegilops cylindrical
X Triticum durum and A. Ventricosa x T. durum
and their hybrids with T.aestivum. J. Agric. Res.
68: 135-144.
Sears ER (1955). An induced gene transfer from
Aegilopsto Triticum. Genet. 40: 595.
Shah S, Gorham J, Forster B and Wyn Jones RG (1987).
Salt tolerance in the Triticeae: the contribution of
the D genome to cation selectivity in hexaploid
wheat. J. Exp. Bot. 38: 254-269.
Shiva V (1992). The violence of green revolution: Third
world agriculture, ecology and politics. Zed Books.
Siedler H, Obst A, Hsam SLK and Zeller FJ (1994).
Evaluation for resistance to Pyrenophoratritici–
repentis in Aegilopstauschii Coss and synthetic
hexaploid wheat amphiploids. Genet. Res. Crop
Evol. 41: 27-34.
Thompson JP, Brennan PS, Clewett TG, Sheedy JG
and Seymour NP (1999). Progress in breeding
wheat for tolerance and resistance to root-lesion
nematode (Pratylenchusthornei). Aust. Plant Path.
28: 45-52.
Thompson JP and Zwart RS (2008). Synthetic
hexaploid wheats for resistance to root-lesion
nematodes. Proceeding of the 11th International
Wheat Genetics Symposium, 24-29 August2008,
Australia, 3: 849-851.
Trethowan R and Mujeeb-Kazi A (2008). Novel
germplasm resources for improving environmental
stress tolerance of hexaploid wheat. Crop Sci. 48:
1255-1265.
Trethowan R and Van Ginkel M (2009). Synthetic wheatan
emerging genetic resource. In: B. Carver (ed.)
Wheat science and trade. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames,
IA. p. 369-385.
Tyler JM and Hatchett JH (1983). Temperature influence
on expression of resistance to Hessian
fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in wheat derived
from Triticumtauschii. J. Econ. Ento. 76: 323-
326.
VanGinkel M and Ogbonnaya F (2007). Novel genetic
diversity from synthetic wheats in breeding cultivars
for changing production conditions. Field
Crops Res. 104: 86-94.
Villareal RL, Mujeeb-Kazi A, Fuentes-Davila G and
Rajaram S (1996). Registration of four synthetic
hexaploid wheat germplasm lines derived from
T. turgidum x T. tauschii crosses and resistant to
karnal bunt. Crop Sci. 36: 218-220.
Villareal R, Mujeeb-Kazi A, Fuentes-Davila G, Rajaram
S and Deltoro E (1994). Resistance to Karnal
bunt (Tilletiaindicamitra) in synthetic hexaploid
wheats derived from Triticumturgidum.T. tauschii.
Plant Breed. 112: 63–69.
William MDHM, Pena RJ and Mujeeb-Kazi A (1993).
Seed protein and isozyme variations in Triticumtauschii
(Aegilopssquarrosa). Theor. Appl. Genet.87:
257-263.
Yadon SI, Gopher A and Aboo S (2000). The Cradle
of Agriculture Science. (Çeviri: Tarımın Kökeni.
Bilim Tek. Der., s. 64-65 (in Turkish).
Young A (1999). Is there really spare land? A critique
of estimates of available cultivable land in developing
countries. Environment, Development and
Sustainability 1: 3-18.
Yueming Y, Hsam SLK, Jianzhong Y, Jiang Y and
Zeller FJ (2003). Allelic variation of the HMW
glutenin subunits in Aegilopstauschii accessions
detected by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDSPAGE),
acid polyacrylamide gel (A-PAGE) and
capillary electrophoresis. Euph. 130: 377-385.