BENLİK FARKLILAŞMASI VE AFFEDİCİLİĞİN RUMİNASYONU YORDAYICI ROLÜ

Bu çalışmada, benlik farklılaşması, affedicilik ve ruminasyon arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi ve benlik farklılaşması ve affediciliğin ruminasyonu yordayıcılığının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, bir devlet üniversitesinde eğitim gören ve yaş ortalaması 24.2 (Ss= 4.61) olan 154’ü kadın (% 54.4) ve 129’u erkek (%45.6) toplam 283 üniversite öğrenci ile yürütülmüştür. Veriler, Benlik Farklılaşması Ölçeği, Heartland Affetme Ölçeği ve Ruminatif Yanıt Ölçeği Kısa Formu kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, Pearson korelasyon katsayısı ve çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre, benlik farklılaşması ile affedicilik arasında pozitif ve benlik farklılaşması ile ruminasyon arasında ve affedicilik ile ruminasyon arasında negatif yönde ilişki vardır. Çoklu regresyon analizi, ruminasyon ve ruminasyonun alt boyutları (saplantılı düşünme ve derin düşünme) için sırasıyla üç aşamada gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz bulguları, ilk modelin ruminasyondaki toplam varyansın yüzde 17’sini açıkladığını göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte ilk modelde, benlik farklılaşması ruminasyondaki değişimi yordarken affediciliğin modele anlamlı katkı sağlamadığı görülmüştür. İkinci modelde benlik farklılaşması ve affediciliğin ruminasyonun alt boyutlarından saplantılı düşünmedeki toplam varyansın yüzde 21’ini açıkladığı tespit edilmiştir. Üçüncü modelin ruminasyonun alt boyutlarından derin düşünmedeki toplam varyansın yüzde 09’unu açıkladığı ancak benlik farklılaşmasının derin düşünmedeki değişimi yordarken affediciliğin modele anlamlı katkı sağlamadığı görülmüştür. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, ilgili alan yazına göre tartışılıp ruh sağlığı uzmanları ve araştırmacılara önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

___

  • Ascioglu Onal, A., ve Yalcin, I. (2017). Forgiveness of others and self-forgiveness: The predictive role of cognitive distortions, empathy, and rumination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 68, 97-120.
  • Barber, L., Maltby, J., ve Macaskill, A. (2005). Angry memories and thoughts of revenge: The relationship between forgiveness and anger rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(2), 253-262.
  • Beavers, W.R. (1985). Successful marriage: A family systems approach to couples therapy. NewYork: Norton.
  • Berry, J. W., Worthington Jr, E. L., Parrott III, L., O’Connor, L. E., ve Wade, N. G. (2001). Dispositional forgivingness: Development and construct validity of the Transgression Narrative Test of Forgivingness (TNTF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(10), 1277-1290.
  • Berry, J. W., Worthington Jr, E. L., O'Connor, L. E., Parrott III, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of personality, 73(1), 183-226.
  • Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson. Bugay, A., ve Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927-1931.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., ve Marrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. 6th Edition. London: Routledge Falmer.
  • Collins, K., ve Bell, R. (1997). Personality and aggression: The dissipation-rumination scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(5), 751-755.
  • Connolly, S. L., ve Alloy, L. B. (2017). Rumination interacts with life stress to predict depressive symptoms: An ecological momentary assessment study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 97, 86-95.
  • da Silva, S. P., vanOyen Witvliet, C., ve Riek, B. (2017). Self-forgiveness and forgiveness-seeking in response to rumination: Cardiac and emotional responses of transgressors. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(4), 362-372.
  • Edmondson, K. A. (2004). Forgiveness and rumination: Their relationship and effects on psychological and physical health. (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Tennessee).
  • Ehring, T., ve Watkins, E. R. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(3), 192-205.
  • Erdur-Baker, O., ve Bugay, A. (2012). The Turkish version of the Ruminative Response Scale: an examination of its reliability and validity. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 1-16.
  • Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
  • Greenberg, M. A. (1995). Cognitive processing of traumas: the role of ıntrusive thoughts and reappraisals 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(14), 1262-1296.
  • Heintzelman, A., Murdock, N. L., Krycak, R. C., ve Seay, L. (2014). Recovery from infidelity: Differentiation of self, trauma, forgiveness, and posttraumatic growth among couples in continuing relationships. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 3(1), 13.
  • Hill, E. W., Hasty, C., ve Moore, C. J. (2011). Differentiation of self and the process of forgiveness: A clinical perspective for couple and family therapy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 32(1), 43-57.
  • Hill, E. M., ve Watkins, K. (2017). Women with ovarian cancer: examining the role of social support and rumination in posttraumatic growth, psychological distress, and psychological well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 24(1), 47-58.
  • Holeman, V. T., Dean, J. B., DeShea, L., ve Duba, J. D. (2011). The multidimensional nature of the quest construct forgiveness, spiritual perception and differentiation of self. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 39(1), 31-43.
  • Işık, E., ve Bulduk, S. (2014). Benliğin ayrımlaşması ölçeğinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [The validity and reliability study of the Differentiation of Self Inventory for university students]. In First Eurasian Educational Research Congress. Istanbul University Congress Center, Istanbul.
  • İzçınar,T.(2018). Benlik farklılaşmasının ruminatif düşünce biçimleri ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Üsküdar Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Klinik Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
  • Jankowski, P. J., Sandage, S. J., ve Hill, P. C. (2013). Differentiation-based models of forgivingness, mental health and social justice commitment: Mediator effects for differentiation of self and humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(5), 412-424.
  • Jankowski, P. J., ve Hooper, L. M. (2012). Differentiation of self: A validation study of the Bowen theory construct. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 1(3), 226.
  • Karremans, J. C., Van Lange, P. A., Ouwerkerk, J. W., ve Kluwer, E. S. (2003). When forgiving enhances psychological well-being: The role of interpersonal commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 1011.
  • Kerr, M. E., Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation. WW Norton ve Company. Macaskill, A., Maltby, J., ve Day, L. (2002). Forgiveness of self and others and emotional empathy. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142(5), 663-665.
  • Maltby,J., Macaskill,A., ve Day, L. (2001). Failure to forgive self and others:Areplication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability and general health. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(5), 881-885.
  • McCullough, M. E., Bellah, C. G., Kilpatrick, S. D., ve Johnson, J. L. (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the Big Five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 601-610.
  • McCullough, M. E., Fincham, F. D., ve Tsang, J. A. (2003). Forgiveness, forbearance, and time: the temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 540.
  • McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington Jr, E. L., Brown, S. W., ve Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1586.
  • McCullough, M. E., ve Witvliet, C. V. (2002). The psychology of forgiveness. Handbook of Positive Psychology, 2, 446-455.
  • McLaughlin, K. A., ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(3), 186-193.
  • Mullet, E., Neto, F., ve Riviere, S. (2005). Personality and its effects on resentment, revenge, and forgiveness and on self-forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 159–182). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
  • Murray, R. J. (2002). Forgiveness as a therapeutic option. The Family Journal, 10(3), 315-321.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., ve Davis, C. G. (1999). " Thanks for sharing that": Ruminators and their social support networks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(4), 801.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., ve Jackson, B. (2001). Mediators of the gender difference in rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25(1), 37-47.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-424.
  • Oral, T., ve Arslan, C. (2017). The ınvestigation of university students' forgiveness levels in terms ofself-compassion, rumination and personality traits. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(9), 1447-1456.
  • Riley, K. E., Cruess, D. G., Park, C. L., Tigershtrom, A., ve Laurenceau, J. P. (2019). Anxiety and depression predict the paths through which rumination acts on behavior: A daily diary study. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 38(5), 409-426.
  • Ripley, J. S., ve Worthington Jr, E. L. (2002). Hope-focused and forgiveness-based group interventions to promote marital enrichment. Journal of Counseling ve Development, 80(4), 452-463.
  • Rye, M. S., ve Pargament, K. I. (2002). Forgiveness and romantic relationships in college: Can it heal the wounded heart?. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(4), 419- 441.
  • Papageorgiou, C., ve Wells, A. (Eds.). (2004). Depressive rumination: Nature, theory and treatment. John Wiley ve Sons.
  • Sandage, S. J., ve Jankowski, P. J. (2013). Spirituality, social justice, and intercultural competence: Mediator effects for differentiation of self. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(3), 366-374.
  • Sandage, S. J., ve Jankowski, P. J. (2011). Forgiveness, differentiation of self and mental health. In, M.R. Maamri, N. Verbin, E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), A journey through forgiveness. (pp. 87–98). Oxford, England: InterDisciplinary Press.
  • Sandage, S. J., ve Jankowski, P. J. (2010). Forgiveness, spiritual instability, mental health symptoms, and well-being: Mediator effects of differentiation ofself. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2(3), 168.
  • Sandage, S. J., Jankowski, P. J., Bissonette, C. D., ve Paine, D. R. (2017). Vulnerable narcissism, forgiveness, humility, and depression: Mediator effects for differentiation of self. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 34(3), 300.
  • Skowron, E. A. (2004). Differentiation of self, personal adjustment, problem solving, and ethnic group belonging among persons of color. Journal of Counseling ve Development, 82(4), 447-456.
  • Skowron, E. A., ve Friedlander, M. L. (1998). The differentiation of self ınventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 235.
  • Skowron, E. A., ve Schmitt, T. A. (2003). Assessing interpersonal fusion: Reliability and validity of a new DSI fusion with others subscale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29(2), 209-222.
  • Skowron, E. A., Stanley, K. L., ve Shapiro, M. D. (2009). A longitudinal perspective on differentiation of self, interpersonal and psychological well-being in young adulthood. Contemporary Family Therapy, 31(1), 3-18.
  • Solomon, Z., Dekel, R., Zerach, G., ve Horesh, D. (2009). Differentiation of the self and posttraumatic symptomatology among ex-POWs and their wives. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 35(1), 60-73.
  • Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., ... ve Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 313-360.
  • Toussaint, L. L., Worthington, E. L. J., ve Williams, D. R. (2015). Forgiveness and health. Springer Netherlands.
  • Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247-259.
  • Worthington, E. L., Jr., Berry, J. W. ve Parrott, L. (2001). Unforgiveness, forgiveness, religion, and health. In T. G. Plante ve A. C. Sherman (Eds.), Faith and health: Psychological perspectives (pp. 107–138). New York: Guilford.
  • Worthington, E. L., Sandage, S. J., ve Berry, J. W. (2000). Group interventions to promote forgiveness. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, ve C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 228–253). New York: Guilford.
  • Worthington Jr, E. L., ve Wade, N. G. (1999). The psychology of unforgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18(4), 385-418.
  • Wu, Q., Chi, P., Zeng, X., Lin, X., ve Du, H. (2019). Roles of anger and rumination in the relationship between self-compassion and forgiveness. Mindfulness, 10(2), 272-278.
  • Yılmaz, A. E. (2015). The role of worry and rumination in the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 26(2), 107-115.
  • Ysseldyk, R., Matheson, K., ve Anisman, H. (2007). Rumination: Bridging a gap between forgivingness, vengefulness, and psychological health. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(8), 1573-1584.