Toprak Mikroorganizmaları Tarafından Üretilen Küresel Gazlar

A tmosfer ve karasal ekosistemler arasında büyük miktarda gaz alışverişi mevcuttur. Büyük bir kısmı topraklarda üretilen bu gazlar; karbon dioksit (CO2), metan (CH4), nitros oksit (NO), nitrik oksit (NO) ve karbon monoksittir (CO). CO2’in % 25’i, CH4’ın % 44’ü, N2O’in % 65’i ve NO’in % 30’u toprak kaynaklıdır. CO2, toprakta organik maddenin ayrışması sırasında mikrobiyal metabolizma ile üretilmektedir. CH4 topraklarda hem üretilmekte hem de tüketilmektedir. CH4, methanogen’ler olarak bilinen bir grup anaerobik bakteriler tarafından üretilirken, aerob bakteriler olan metanotroflar tarafından da oksitlenmektedir. N2O ve NO; mikroorganizmalar tarafından üretilen iki önemli azot gazı olup nitrifikasyon ve denitrifikasyon olayları ile ortaya çıkmaktadırlar. Atmosferik küresel gazların hareketlerini tam olarak saptayabilmek ve bu gazların farklı iklim ve arazi kullanım koşullarında nasıl bir değişim göstereceklerini belirleyebilmek için çeşitli model çalışmaları yapmak gerekmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler:

-

Global gases produced by soil microorganisms

Keywords:

-,

PDF

___

Adamsen, A.P.S., and G.M. King. 1993. Methane consumption in temperate and subartctic forest soils-rates, vertical zonation, and responses to water and nitrogen. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 485-490.
Bazylinski, D.A., C.K. Soohoo, and T.C. Hollocher. 1986. Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on nitrous oxide. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51: 1239-1246.
Brumme, R., and F. Beese, 1992. Effects of liming and nitrogen-fertilization on emission and CO2 and N2O from temperate forest soils. J. Geophys. Res., 97: 12851-12858.
Chalk, P.M. and C.J. Smith. 1983. Chemodenitrification. Dev. Plant Soil Sci. 9:65-89.
Colby, J., H.Dalton, and R. Whittenbury. 1979. Biological and biochemical aspects of microbial growth on C1 compounds. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 33:481-517.
Conrad, R. 1996. Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H2, CO, CH4, N2O, and NO). Microbiological Reviews, 60(4): 609-640.
Davidson, E.A. 1991. Fluxes of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from terrestrial ecosystems. Pp. 219-235. In J.E. Rogers and W.B. Whitman (eds.), Microbial production and consumption of greenhouse gases: Methane, nitrogen oxides, and halomethanes. ASM Pres, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
Favoino, E. And D. Hogg. 2008. The potential role of compost in reducing greenhouse gases. Waste Management & Research, 26:61-69.
Henckel, T. And R. Conrad. 1998. Characterization of microbial NO production, N2O production and CH4 oxidation initiated by aeration of anoxic rice field soils. Biogeochemistry, 40: 17-36.
Holland, H.D. 1984. The chemical evolution of the atmosphere and oceans. Princeton University Pres, Princeton, N.J.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 944 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
Konwles, R., 2000. Nitrogen cycle, pp.379-391. In: Encyclopedia of Microbiology Vol. 3. Lederberg, J. (Ed.). Academic, San Diago, California.
Mörsdorf, G., K. Frunzke, D. Gadkari and O. Meyer. 1992. Microbial growth on carbon monoxide. Biodegration, 3:61- 82.
Ojima, D.S., D.W. Valentine, A.R. Mosier, W.J. Patron, and D.S. Schimel, 1993. Effect of land use change on methane oxidation in temperate forest and grassland soils. Chemosphere, 26:6575-6585.
Prather, M., D.Drewent, P.Enhalt, E.Fraser, E. Sanhueazza, and X. Zhou. 1995. Other trace gases and atmospheric chemistry. Pp. 77-126. In Climate Change. J. Houghton, L.G. Meira-Fulho and B.A. Callender, (eds). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Rosenkranz, P., N.Brüggeman, H. Papen, Z. Xu, G. Seufert, and K. Butterbach-Bahl. 2006. N2O, NO and CH4 exchange, and microbial N turnover over a Mediterranean pine forest soil. Biogeosciens, 3: 121-133.
Schimel, J.P. 1995. Plant transport and methane production as controls on methane flux from arctic wet meadow tundra. Biogeochemistry. 28: 183-200.
Schmel, J. And E.A. Holland. 1998. Global Gases. Pp. 498-516. In D.M. Sylvia, J.J. Fuhrmann, P.G. Hartel and D.A. Zuberer (eds.), Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology. Prentica Hall, Inc. Simon&Schuster/ A Viacom Company, New Jersey.
Simojoki, A., A. Jaakola. 2000. Effect of nitrogen fertilization, cropping and irrigation on soil air composition and nitrous oxide emission in a loamy clay. Europ. J. Soil Sci. 51(3): 413-424.
Stark, J.M., and M.K. Firestone. 1995. Mechanisms for soil moisture effects on activity of nitrifying bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 218-221.
Ye, R.W., B.A. Averill, and J.M. Tiedje. 1994. Denitrification- production and consumption of nitric oxide. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 1053-1058.