Blastocystis hominis bağırsak hastalığı için potansiyel bir tehlike olabilir mi?

Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis)"m sürüngenlerde, kuşlarda, çeşitli memeli türlerinde ve böceklerde varlığı tanımlanmaktadır. Bu protozoon insanların bağırsaklarında bulunur. B. hominis'm vakuoler, granuler, ameboid, kist olmak üzere dört formu bulunmaktadır. Blastocystosis prevalansı, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde %30-%50, gelişmiş ülkelerde %1,5-%10'dur. Genellikle seyahat öyküsü olanlarda daha sık görülür. B. hominis enfeksiyonunun esas belirtileri, ishal ve karın ağrısı olmakla beraber, bulantı, iştahsızlık, kusma, kilo kaybı, halsizlik, baş dönmesi, gaz sancısı gibi tipik olmayan gastrointestinal şikayetler de görülür. Bu enfeksiyonun belirtileri kesin olmamasına rağmen, B. hominis'bağırsaklarda yangıya neden olarak patojenik rol oynadığı fikri ileri sürülmektedir. Günümüzde blastocystosis tedavisinde kemoterapötik ajan olarak metronidazol tercih edilmektedir.

May blastocystis hominis be a potential hazard for an intestinal disease?

Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) has been described in a variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, and even insects. The protozeon is commonly found in the intestinal tract of humans. Morphology of B. hominis has four major forms; vacuolar, granular, ameboid and cyst. The prevalence of Blastocystosis in humans appears to be higher in developing countries (30% to 50%) than in developed countries (1.5% to 10%), and has been associated with travel. Symptoms of B. hominis infection are mainly diarrhea and abdominal pain as well as nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, anorexia, vomiting, weight loss, lassitude, dizziness, and flatulence. The significance of this human infection is uncertain although one idea has suggested a pathogenic role of B. hominis in causing intestinal inflammation. At present, the first choice of che-motherapeutic agent is metronidazole as described.

PDF

___

1.Alexeief A. Sur la nature des formations dites "kystes de Trichomonas intestinaliş." CR Soc Biol 1911; 71:296-298.
2.Garcia SL, Bruckner DA, Clancy MN. Clinical relevance of Blastocystis hominis. Lancet 1984; 2:1234-1235.
3.Tan KS, Singh M, Yap EH. Recent advances in Blastocystis hominis research: hot spots in terra incognita. Int J Parasitol 2002; 15; 32: 789-804.
4.Zierdt CH, Rude WS and Bull BS. Protozoan characteristics of Blastocystis hominis. Am J Clin Pathol 1967; 48:495-501.
5.Dunn LA. Variation among cultured stocks of Blastocystis hominis (Brumpt 1912). Ph.D. thesis. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 1992..
6.Zierdt CH, Rude WS, Bull BS. Protozoan characteristics of Blastocystis hominis. Am J Clin Pathol 1967; 48: 495-501.
7.Zierdt CH, Williams RL. Blastocystis hominis: axenic cultivation. Exp Parasitol 1974; 36: 233-243.
8.Zierdt CH. Blastocystis hominis, a long-misunderstood intestinal parasite. Parasitol. Today 1988; 4 :15-17.
9.Jiang JB, He JG. Taxonomic status of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Today 1993; 9: 2-3.
10.Teow WL, Zaman V, Chan GCNgYC et al. A Blastocystis species from the sea-snake, Lapemis hardwickii (Serpentes: hydrophiidae) Int J Parasitol 1991; 21: 723-726.
11.Zierdt CH. Blastocystis hominis-past and future. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991; 4: 61-79.
12.Matsumoto Y, Yamada M, Yoshida Y. Light-microsco-picalappearance and ultrastructure of Blastocystis hominis, an intestinal parasite of man. Zentralbl Bakteriol Microbiol Hyg Hyg Ser A 1987; 264:379-385.
13.Vdovenko AA. Blastocystis hominis: origin and significance of vacuolar and granular forms. Parasitol Res 2000;86:8-10.
14.Zierdt CH, Tan HK. Ultrastructure and light microscope appearance of Blastocystis hominis in a patient with enteric disease. Z. Parasitenkd 1976; 50: 277-283.
15.Stenzel DJ, Boreham PFL, McDougall R. Ultrastructure of Blastocystis hominis in human stool samples. Int J Parasitol 1991; 21: 807-812.
16.Dunn LA, Boreham PFL, Stenzel DJ. Ultrastructural variation of Blastocystis hominis stocks in culture. Int J Parasitol 1989; 19: 43-56.
17.Mehlhorn H. Blastocystis hominis, Brumpt 1912: are there different stages or species? Parasitol Res 1988; 74: 393-395.
18.Stenzel DJ, Lee MG, Boreham PFL. Morphological differences in Blastocystis cysts - an indication of different species? Parasitol Res 1997; 83: 452- 457.
19.Zaman V, Howe J, Ng M. Ultrastructure of Blastocystis hominis cysts. Parasitol Res 1995; 81: 465- 469.
20.Suresh K, Ng GC, Ramachandran NP, Ho LC, Yap EH, Singh M. In vitro encystment and experimental infections of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Res 1993; 79:456- 460.
21.Zaman V, Zaki M, Manzoor M, Howe J, Ng M. Postcystic development of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Res 1999; 85:437- 440.
22.Stenzel DJ, Boreham PFL. Blastocystis hominis Revisited. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 1996; 9: 563- 584.
23.Stenzel DJ. Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of Blastocystis sp. Ph.D. thesis. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia 1995.
24.Miller SA, Rosario CL, Rojas E, Scorza JV. Intestinal parasitic infection and associated symptoms in children attending day care centres in Trujillo, Venezuela. Trop Med Int Health 2003; 8:342-347.
25.Taşova Y, Şahin B, Koltas S, Paydaş S. Clinical significance and frequency of Blastocystis hominis in Turkish patients with hematological malignancy. Acta Med Okayama 2000; 54:133- 136.
26.Giacometti A, Cirioni O, Fiorentini A, Fortuna M, Scalise G. Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Patients with Blastocystis hominis Infection. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 1999.18: 436- 439. 27.Pikula ZP. Blastocystis hominis and human disease. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25: 1581.
28.Koltas IS, Özcan K, Tanriverdi S, Paydaş Semra, Paydaş Saime, Baslamisli F. The Prevalence of Blas-tocystis Hominis in Immunosupressed Patients. Ann Med Sci 1999; 8:117- 119.
29.Zuckerman,MJ,Watts MT,Ho H,Meriano FV. Blastocystis hominis infection and intestinal injury. Am J Med Sci 1994; 308: 96-101.
30.Zaman V, Howe J, Ng M. Scanning electron microscopy of Blastocystis hominis cysts. Parasitol Res 1998; 84: 476- 477.
31.Ayçiçek H. Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi Parazitoloji Laboratuvarında 1996-2000 Yılları Arasındaki Yapılan Portör Taramalarında Bağırsak Parazitozlarının Dağılımı. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 2000.
32.Inceboz T, Üner A. Blastocystis hominis'ln Epidemiyo-lojisinin Araştırılması. Türk Parazitoloji Dergisi 2001; 25: 135-138.
33.Inceboz T, Aksoy Ü, Akısü Ç ve ark. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi'ne Başvuranlarda Bağırsak Parazitlerinin Araştırılması, Türk Parazitoloji Dergisi 2002; 26:423-425.
34.Usluca S, Yalçın G, Över L ve ark. Dokuz Eylül Üniversi- tesi Tıp Fakültesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Hastanesi'nde 2003-2004 Yılları Arasında Saptanan Bağırsak Parazitlerinin Dağılımı, Türk Parazitoloji Dergisi 2006; 30: 308-312.
35.Harms G, Dorner F, Bienzle U, Stark K. Infections and diseases after travelling. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2002; 23;127:1748-1753.
36.Windsor JJ, Macfarlane L, Hughes-Thapa G, Jones SK, Whiteside TM. Incidence of Blastocystis hominis in faecal samples submitted for routine microbiological analysis. Br J Biomed Sci 2002;59:154-157.
37.Mohandas, Sehgai R, Sud A, Malla N. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic pathogens in HIV-seropositive individuals in Northern India. Jpn J Infect Dis 2002; 55:83-84.
38.Miller RA, Minshew BH. Blastocystis hominis. an organism in search of a disease. Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10: 930-938.
39.Markell, EK, Udkow MP. Blastocystis hominis: pathogen or fellow traveler? Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986; 35: 1023-1026.
40.Guirges SY, Al-Waili NS. Blastocystis hominis. evidence for human pathogenicity and effectiveness of metro-nidazole therapy. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1987;14: 333-335.
41.Hussain Qadri, SM, Al-Okaili GA, Al-Dayel F. Clinical significance of Blastocystis hominis. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 2407-2409.
42.Doyle PW, Helgason MM, Mathias RG, Proctor EM. 1990.Epidemiology and pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis. J Clin Microbiol 28: 116-121.
43.Rolston, KVI, Winans R, Rodriguez S. Blastocystis hominis. pathogen or not? Rev Infect Dis 1989;11: 661-662.
44.Narkewicz, MR, Janoff EN, Sokol RJ, Levin MJ. Blastocystis hominis gastroenteritis in a hemophiliac with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Pediatr Gastro-enterol Nutr 1989; 8:125-128.
45.Hahn P, Fleischer NFK. Blastocystis hominis—-is it of clinical importance? Trop Med Parasitol 1985; 36: 7-8.
46.Schwartz E, Houston R. Effect of co-trimoxazole on stool recovery of Blastocystis hominis. Lancet 1992; 339: 428-429.
47.Zierdt, CH, Rude WS, Bull BS. Protozoan characteristics of Blastocystis hominis. Am J Clin Pathol 1967; 48:495-501.
48.Zierdt CH. Blastocystis hominis—past and future. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991 ;4:61-79.
49.Dunn LA, Boreham PFL. The in-vitro activity of drugs against Blastocystis hominis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991;27:507-516.
50.Boreham PFL, Stenzel DJ. Blastocystis in humans and animals: morphology, biology, and epizootiology. Adv Parasitol 1993; 32:1-70.
51.Zaman V, Khan KZ, Khan MA. Isolation of Blastocystis hominis from sewage. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1994;25-211.