İBADETHÂNE HAKKI: ULUSLARARASI DİPLOMASİ HUKUKUNDA NEREDEYSE UNUTULAN BİR DİPLOMATİK AYRICALIK
Zamanın akışı yeni kurallarca yönetilmesi gereken farklı ihtiyaçları kaçınılmaz olarak beraberinde getirir. Bu sürecin işleyişi hukuk alanında da görülebileceği üzere farklı dönemleri şekillendirmiştir. Meselâ, dinî özgürlükler sınırlandığında, hattâ yasaklandığında, diplomasi hukuku büyükelçiler için yabancı ülkelerdeki rezidanslarında veya misyon binalarında ibadetleri için özel bir yere sahip olma hakkını - ibadethâne hakkını bahşetmiştir. Bu hak, bir büyükelçinin tüm ayrıcalık ve bağışıklıklarının dayandırıldığı o dönemde kabûl edilen ülke dışılık teorisi üzerinde temellendirilmektedir. 19. yüzyılda bağnazlık karşısında dinî toleransların galebe çalmasıyla bu ayrıcalık bir bakıma zarurîlik özelliğini yitirmiştir. 20. yüzyılda, görüldüğü üzere, bu hak iyice yerleşmiş ve devletler arasında yaygın bir biçimde uygulanmaktadır. Bu durum, özellikle 1961 tarihli Diplomatik İlişkilere Dair Viyana Sözleşmesinde yansıtıldığı üzere diplomasi kurallarının kodifiye edilmesi esnasında ibadethâne hakkına ilişkin hükümlerin artık zarurî olmadığına işaret etmektedir. Acaba, gerçekte durum böyle midir? Bu makalede, ibadethâne hakkının, gerçekte içerik açısından açık bir biçimde ele alınıp alınmadığı, uygulama açısından da genel olarak etki kazanıp kazanmadığı belirlendikten sonra, bu hakkın, hâlen uluslararası diplo- masi hukuku çerçevesinde pozitif bir hükümle düzenlenmesinin zarurî olup olmadığı değerlendirilecektir.
DROIT DE CHAPELLE: AN ALMOST FORGOTTEN PRIVILEGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF DIPLOMACY
The flow of time inevitably brings change, which in turn creates different needs that must be governed by new rules. The way that this process has shaped different eras can also be seen in the field of law. For example, when religious freedoms were restricted or even banned, diplomatic law allowed the privilege of droit de chapelle – the right for ambassadors to have a private place of worship in their residences and mission premises in foreign countries. This was founded on the then-accepted theory of ex-territoriality, on which all an ambassador’s privileges and immunities were based. By the 19th century, however, once religious tolerance had triumphed over bigotry, this privilege became unnecessary. During the 20th century, as it seems, this right became well established and widely practised among States. This might suggest that there was no longer any need for provisions relating to droit de chapelle while codifying the rules of diplomacy, particularly as reflected in the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Yet, is this really the case? After determining if droit de chapelle really is common in practice and clear in content, this article considers whether it is still necessary to regulate it in a provision within the international law of diplomacy.
___
- Anderson, J. & Whitten, L., The Diplomatic Immunity Charade,
Washington Post, November 15 1975, s. C18.
- Aybay, R., Tarih ve Hukuk Açısından Konsolosluk, Gözden Geçirilmiş ve
Güncellenmiş İkinci Bası, İstanbul, 2020.
- Berridge, G.R., British Diplomacy in Turkey, 1583 to the Present: A Study
in the Evolution of the Resident Embassy, Leiden, 2009.
- Berridge, G.R., Embassies in Armed Conflict, New York, 2012.
Berridge, G.R. & James, A., A Dictionary of Diplomacy, 2nd Edition, New
York, 2003.
- Bynkershoek, van C., De Foro Legatorvm Liber Singvlaris: A Monograph
on the Jurisdiction over Ambassadors in Both Civil and Criminal Cases,
(translated by Laing), Oxford, 1946. (Reproduction of the Text of 1747)
- Capone, D., Diplomatic Asylum: A New Path Forward, North Carolina
Journal of International Law, vol. 41/2, 2016, s. 221-247.
- Casa, J.M., İstanbul’da Bir Fransız Sarayı: Fransa ile Türkiye Arasında 500
Yıllık İttifak/Le Palais de France à Istanbul: Un demi-millénaire
d’alliance entra la Turquie et la France, İstanbul, 1995. (Bilingual)
- Chisholm, H. (ed.), Diplomacy, Encyclopedia of Britannica: A Dictionary
of Arts, Science, Literature and General Information, vol. VIII
(Demijohn-Edward), 11th Edition, Cambridge, 1910, s. 294-300.
Clark, E., Corps Diplomatique, Bristol, 1973.
- Çamyamaç, A., Uluslararası Hukukta Elçilik Binalarına Dair Bazı Teknik
Konular Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Terazi (Aylık Hukuk Dergisi), Cilt 13
Sayı 145, Eylül 2018, s. 73-92.
- Çamyamaç, A. & İnci, Z.Ö., Diplomatik Ajanın Özel Hizmetçisinin Ceza
Yargısından Bağışıklığı, İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi,
Cilt: 9, Sayı: 2, 2018, s. 1-22.
- Çamyamaç, A. & İnci, Z.Ö., Uluslararası Hukuk ve Ceza Hukuku
Yönleriyle Diplomatik Bağışıklık Olarak Ceza Yargısından Muafiyet,
Ankara, 2020.
- Denza, E., Diplomatic Law: Commentary on the Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic Relations, New York, 1976.
- Denza, E., Diplomatic Law: Commentary on the Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic Relations, 3rd Edition, Oxford, 2008.
- Denza, E., Diplomatic Law: Commentary on the Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic Relations, 4th Edition, Oxford, 2016.
- “Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities: Harvard Research”, American
Journal of International Law Supplement, vol. 26/1, 1932, s. 15-192.
- do Nascimento e Silva, G.E., Diplomacy in International Law, Leiden,
1972.
do Nascimento e Silva, G.E., Diplomacy, Encyclopedia of Public
International Law, vol. I, edited by Bernhardt, Amsterdam, 1995, s.
1024-1033.
- Fiore, P., International Law Codified and Its Legal Sanction or the Legal
Organization of the Society of States, (translated by Borchard from the
5th Italian Edition), New York, 1918.
- Fox, J.R., Dictionary of International and Comparative Law, 3rd Edition,
New York, 2003.
- Frey, L.S. & Frey, M.L., The History of Diplomatic Immunity, Columbus,
1999.
Gallaudet, E.M., A Manual of International Law, New York, 1879.
- Gamboa, M.J., A Dictionary of International Law and Diplomacy, Quezon
City, 1972.
- Grant, J.P. & Barker, J.C., Encyclopædic Dictionary of International Law,
3rd Edition, New York, 2009.
- Hamilton, K. Langhorne, R., The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution,
Theory and Administration, 2nd Edition, Oxon, 2011.
- Hardy, M., Modern Diplomatic Law, Manchester, 1968.
Hoenkamp-Mazgon, M., İstanbul’da Hollanda Sarayı: 1612’den beri Elçilik
Binası ve Sakinleri, 2. Baskı, İstanbul, 2006.
- Hyde, C.C., International Law Chiefly Interpreted and Applied by the
United States, vol. II, 2nd Revised Edition, Boston, 1947.
- Jennings, R. & Watts, A., Oppenheim’s International Law, vol. I (Peace),
9th Edition, London, 1996.
- Kuran, E., Avrupa’da Osmanlı İkamet Elçiliklerinin Kuruluşu ve İlk
Elçilerin Siyasi Faâliyetleri 1793-1821, Ankara, 2008.
- Lawrence, T.J., The Principles of International Law, Revised & Rewritten
4th Edition, Boston, 1910.
- Lee, L.T., Consular Law and Practice, 2nd Edition, London, 1991.
Levi, L., International Law: With Materials for a Code of International Law,
New York, 1888.
- Lyons, B.A., Diplomatic Immunities-Some Minor Points, British Yearbook
of International Law, vol. 34, 1958, s. 368-374.
- Martens von, G.F., A Compedium of the Law of Nations, Founded on the
Treaties and Customs of the Modern Nations of Europe: to Which Is
Added a Complete List of All the Treaties, Conventions, Compacts,
Declarations from the Year 1731 to 1788, Inclusive, Indicating the
Several Works in Which They are to be Found, (translated by Corbett),
London, 1802.
- Mastyn, A., Letter from M. Mastyn to M. Diena, American Journal of
International Law Supplement, vol. 20/3, 1926, s. 166-175.
- Mattingly, G., Renaissance Diplomacy, New York, 1988. (published from
the 1955 Edition)
- McAuliffe, W.C. Jr., Jurisdictional Immunities, International Legal Studies
(Naval War College), vol. 62, 1980, s. 646-666.
- McClanahan, G.V., Diplomatic Immunity: Principles, Practices, Problems,
London, 1989.
- Mervyn Jones, J., Immunities of Servants of Diplomatic Agents and the
Statute of Anne 7, C.12., Journal of Comparative Legislation &
International Law, vol. 22/1, 1940, s. 19-31.
- Murty, B.S., The International Law of Diplomacy: The Diplomatic
Instrument and World Public Order, New Haven, 1989.
- Nahlik, S.E., Development of Diplomatic Law. Selected Issues, Recueil des
cours, vol. 222, 1990-III, 1990, s. 187-364.
- Nussbaum, A., A Concise History of the Law of Nations, Revised Edition:
4th Printing, New York, 1962.
- Oelfke, C., Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 18 April 1961:
Commentaries on Practical Application, Berlin, 2018.
- Oppenheim, L., International Law: A Treatise, vol. I (Peace), 2nd Edition,
New York, 1912.
- Parry, C., International Governments and Diplomatic Privilege, Modern
Law Review, vol. 10/2, 1947, s. 97-121.
- Phillimore, R., Commentaries upon International Law, vol. II, Philadelphia,
1855.
- Reçber, K., Diplomasi ve Konsolosluk Hukuku, Bursa, 2011.
Satow, E., A Guide to Diplomatic Practice, vol. I, London, 1917.
Satow, E., A Guide to Diplomatic Practice, 3rd Edition, London, 1932.
Sucharitkul, S., Immunities of Foreign States before National Authorities,
Recueil des cours, vol. 149, 1976-I, 1976, s. 87-215.
- Taylor, H., A Treatise on International Public Law, Chicago, 1901.
- Textor, J.W., Synopsis Juris Gentium, vol. II (translated by Bate),
Washington D.C., 1916. (translated from 1680 Edition in Basel)
- Theolin, S., İstanbul’da Bir İsveç Sarayı: İsveç ile Türkiye Arasında Bin
Yıllık İşbirliği/The Swedish Palace in Istanbul: A Thousand Years of
Cooperation between Turkey and Sweden (çeviri: S. Okyay), İstanbul,
2000. (bilingual)
- Trimble, W.R., The Embassy Chapel Question, 1625-1660, Journal of
Modern History, vol. 18/2, 1946, s. 97-107.
Tuncer, H., Eski ve Yeni Diplomasi, 4. Baskı, Ankara, 2005.
- Twiss, T., The Law of Nations Considered as Independent Political
Communities on the Rights and Duties of Nations in Time of Peace,
Oxford, 1884.
- Vattel, de E., The Law of Nations or Principles of the Law of Nature,
Applied to the Nations and Sovereigns, with Three Early Essays on the
Origin and Nature of Natural Law and on Luxury, (translated by
Chitty), Indianapolis, 2008. (Translated from 1797 Edition)
- Wheaton, H., Elements of International Law, London, 1878.
Wood, J.R. & Serres, J., Diplomatic Ceremonial and Protocol: Principles,
Procedures and Practices, New York, 1970.
- Young, E., The Development of the Law of Diplomatic Relations, British
Yearbook of International Law, vol. 40, 1964, s. 141-182 98 .
- Zouche, R., Iuris et Iudicii Fecialis, sive, Iuris Inter Genter, et Quaestionum
de Eodem Explicatio, vol. I (translated by Brierly), Washington D.C.,
1911.