___

• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease:GOLD, Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Report 2019. https://goldcopd.org/ (accessed 15.01.2020)
• Celli, B.R, Decramer, M, Wedzicha, J.A, Wilson, K.C, Agustí, A, Criner, G.J, MacNee, W, Make, B.J, Rennard, S.I, Stockley, R.A, An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: research questions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2015, 191(7), e4-e27.
• World Health Organization (WHO), Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2018. https://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd-profiles 2018/en/ (accessed 15.01.2020)
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK), Ölüm Nedeni İstatistikleri 2018. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Start.do (accessed 16.01.2020)
• Postma, D.S, Bush, A, Berge, M, Risk factors and early origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, The Lancet, 2015, 385(9971), 899-909.
• Terzikhan, N, Verhamme, K.M, Hofman, A, Stricker, B.H, Brusselle, G.G, Lahousse, L, Prevalence and incidence of COPD in smokers and non-smokers: the Rotterdam Study, European journal of epidemiology, 2016, 31(8), 785-792.
• Miravitlles, M, Ribera, A, Understanding the impact of symptoms on the burden of COPD, Respiratory research, 2017, 18(1), 1-11.
• Marvel, J, Yu, T.C, Wood, R, Small, M, Higgins, V.S, and Make, B.J, Health status of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by symptom level, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases: Journal of the COPD Foundation, 2016, 3(3), 643-652.
• Kentson, M, Tödt, K, Skargren, E, Jakobsson, P, Ernerudh, J, Unosson, M, Theander, K, Factors associated with experience of fatigue, and functional limitations due to fatigue in patients with stable COPD, Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease, 2016, 10(5), 410-424.
• Sharma, S, Sharma, P, Prevalence of dyspnea and its associated factors in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Indian Journal of Respiratory Care, 2019, 8(1), 36-41.
• Carette, H, Zysman, M, Morelot-Panzini, C, Perrin, J, Gomez, E, Guillaumot, A, Burgel, P, Deslee, G, Surpas, P, Le Rouzic, O, Prevalence and management of chronic breathlessness in COPD in a tertiary care center, BMC pulmonary medicine, 2019, 19(95), 1-7.
• Rabe, K.F, Improving dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: optimal treatment strategies, Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, 2006, 3(3), 270-275.
• Stephenson, J.J, Wertz, D, Gu, T, Patel, J, Dalal, A.A, Clinical and economic burden of dyspnea and other COPD symptoms in a managed care setting, International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2017, 12, 1947-1959.
• Parshall, M.B, Schwartzstein, R.M, Adams, L, Banzett, R.B, Manning, H.L, Bourbeau, J, Calverley, P.M, Gift, A.G, Harver, A, Lareau, S.C, An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2012, 185(4), 435-452.
• Coccia, C.B, Palkowski, G.H, Schweitzer, B, Motsohi, T, Ntusi, N, Dyspnoea: Pathophysiology and a clinical approach, SAMJ: South African Medical Journal, 2016, 106(1), 32-36.
• Antoniu, S.A, Descriptors of dyspnea in obstructive lung diseases, Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine, 2010, 5(3), 216-219.
• Kapısız, Ö, Eker, F, Evaluation of the relationship between the levels and perceptions of dyspnea and the levels of anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, Psikiyatri Hemşireleri Derneği, 2018, 9(2), 88-95.
• O'Donnell, D.E, Laveneziana, P, Dyspnea and activity limitation in COPD: mechanical factors, COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2007, 4(3), 225-236.
• Elbehairy, A.F, O'Donnell, C.D, Elhameed, A, Vincent, S.G, Milne, K.M, James, M.D, Webb, K.A, Neder, J.A, O’Donnell, D.E, Network, C.R.R, Low resting diffusion capacity, dyspnea, and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Journal of Applied Physiology, 2019, 127(4), 1107-1116.
• Gruenberger, J.B, Vietri, J, Keininger, D.L, Mahler, D.A, Greater dyspnea is associated with lower health-related quality of life among European patients with COPD, International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2017, 12, 937-944.
• Mulhall, P, Criner, G, Non‐pharmacological treatments for COPD, Respirology, 2016, 21(5), 791-809.
• Pradella, C.O, Belmonte, G.M, Maia, M.N, Delgado, C.S, Luise, A.P.T, Nascimento, O.A, Gazzotti, M.R, Jardim, J.R, Home-based pulmonary rehabilitation for subjects with COPD: a randomized study, Respiratory care, 2015, 60(4), 526-532.
• Skoczyński, S, Zejda, J, Brożek, G, Glinka, K, Waz, S, Kotulska, B, Barczyk, A, Clinical importance of sex differences in dyspnea and its sex related determinants in asthma and COPD patients, Advances in Medical Sciences, 2019, 64(2), 303-308.
• Anzueto, A, Miravitlles, M, Pathophysiology of dyspnea in COPD, Postgraduate medicine, 2017, 129(3), 366-374.
• Yorke, J, Moosavi, S.H, Shuldham, C, Jones, P.W, Quantification of dyspnoea using descriptors: development and initial testing of the Dyspnoea-12, Thorax, 2010, 65(1), 21-26.
• Gok Metin, Z, Helvacı, A, Validity and Reliability of Turkish Version of the Dyspnea-12 Scale, Journal of Hacettepe University Faculty of Nursing, 2018, 5(2), 102-115.
• Al‐Gamal, E, Yorke, J, Perceived breathlessness and psychological distress among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their spouses, Nursing & health sciences, 2014, 16(1), 103-111.
• Martinez, C.H, Diaz, A.A, Parulekar, A.D, Rennard, S.I, Kanner, R.E, Hansel, N.N, Couper, D, Holm, K.E, Hoth, K.F, Curtis, J.L, Age-related differences in health-related quality of life in COPD: an analysis of the COPD Gene and SPIROMICS cohorts, Chest, 2016, 149(4), 927-935.
• Kokturk, N, Kilic, H, Baha, A, Lee, S.D, Jones, P.W, Sex difference in chronic obstructive lung disease. Does it matter? A concise review, COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2016, 13(6), 799-806.
• Guenette, J.A, Jensen, D, Webb, K.A, Ofir, D, Raghavan, N, O’Donnell, D.E, Sex differences in exertional dyspnea in patients with mild COPD: physiological mechanisms, Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 2011, 177(3), 218-227.
• De Torres, J.P, Casanova, C, Garcini, A.M, Aguirre-Jaime, A, Celli, B.R, Gender and respiratory factors associated with dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Respiratory research, 2007, 8(18), 1-7.
• Eisner, M.D, Blanc, P.D, Omachi, T.A, Yelin, E.H, Sidney, S, Katz, P.P, Ackerson, L.M, Sanchez, G, Tolstykh, I, and Iribarren, C, Socioeconomic status, race and COPD health outcomes, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 2011, 65(1), 26-34.
• Christensen, V.L, Holm, A.M, Cooper, B, Paul, S.M, Miaskowski, C, Rustøen, T, Differences in symptom burden among patients with moderate, severe, or very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Journal of pain and symptom management, 2016, 51(5), 849-859.
• Ghobadi, H, Ahari, S.S, Kameli, A, Lari, S.M, The relationship between COPD assessment test (CAT) scores and severity of airflow obstruction in stable COPD patients, Tanaffos, 2012, 11(2), 22-26.