Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlar ve Gıdalarda Önemi

Polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar organik bileşiklerin tam yanmaması sonucu ortaya çıkan toksik, mutajenik ve kanserojenik etkiye sahip organik yapıda bileşiklerdir. Endüstriyel atıklar, tarım ilaçları, çöpler, sigara dumanı ve sanayi baca gazları gibi zararlı maddelerden çevreye yayılan kimyasallar hava, su, toprak ve gıdalara karıştıklarından dolayı insan sağlığını tehdit eden önemli çevresel kirleticilerdendir. İnsanlar kirli havayı soluyarak ya da kirlenmiş su veya gıdayı tüketerek toksik ve kanserojen maddelere maruz kalırlar. Bu derlemede PAH' ların oluşum mekanizması, gıdalarda bulunuşu ve tespit yöntemleri ele alınmıştır

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Importance in Foods

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are toxic, mutagenic and carsinogenic organic compounds originated from incomplete combustion of organic compounds. Chemical substances originated from industrial wastes, pesticides, smoke and industrial gases are important contaminants threatening human life because they contaminate air, water, soil and foods. People are exposed to toxic and carcinogenic substances who breathe polluted air or consumed contaminated foods. In this study, formation mechanisms of PAHs, their presence in foods and methods for their analyses were reviewed

PDF

___

Battaloğlu R. Niğde İlinden Toplanan Pekmez To- prağı Örneklerinde Pestisit Kalıntıları ve Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Aranması, 1.Tıbbi Jeoloji Çalıştayı, 2009.
Jarvis, I. W. H.; Dreij, K.; Mattsson, A.; Jernström, B.; Stenius, U. Interactions between polycyclic aro- matic hydrocarbons in complex mixtures and implica- tions for cancer risk assessment, Toxicolog. 2014; 321 -39.
Loh, S. H.; Sanagi, M. M.; Ibrahim, W. A. W.; Ha- san, M. N. Solvent-impregnated agarose gel liquid phase microextraction ofpolycyclic aromatic hydro- carbons in water, Journal of Chromatography A. 2013; , 14- 19.
Koltsakidou, A.; Zacharis, C. K.; Fytianos, K. A validated liquid chromatographic method for the de- termination ofpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in honey after homogeneousliquid-liquid extraction using hydrophilic acetonitrile and sodiumchloride as mass separating agent, Journal of Chromatography A. ; 1377, 46-54.
Yin, F.; John, G. F.; Hayworth, J. S.; Clement, T. P.; Long-term monitoring data to describe the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Deepwater Hori- zon oil submerged off Alabama's beaches, Science of the Total Environment. 2015; 508, 46-56.
Delgado, C. G.; D'Annibale, A.; Pesciaroli, L.; Yun- ta, F.; Crognale, S.; Petruccioli, M.; Eymar, E. Implica- tions of polluted soil biostimulation and bioaugmenta- tion with spent mushroom substrate (Agaricus bispo- rus) on themicrobial community and polycyclic aro- matic hydrocarbons biodegradation, Science of the Total Environment. 2015; 508, 20-28.
Kim, K. H.; Jahan, S. A.; Kabir, E.; Brown, R. J. C. A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects, Environment International. 2013; 60, 71-80.
Alghamdi, M. A.; Alam, M. S.; Yin, J.; Stark, C.; Jang, E.; Harrison, R. M.; Shamy, M.; Khoder, M. I.; Shabbaj, I. I. Receptor modelling study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Sci- ence of the Total Environment. 2015; 506-507, 401-408.
Zhao, Y.; Cao, L.; Zhou, Q.; Que, Q.; Hong, B. Ef- fects of oil pipeline explosion on ambient particulate matter and their associated polycyclic aromatic hydro- carbons, Environmental Pollution. 2015; 196, 440-449.
Zetterberg, L. A.; Darnerud, P. O.; Wretling, S. Low intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Sweden: Results based on market basket data and a barbecue study, Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2014; ,107-111.
Wu, S. P.; Tao, S.; Liu, W. X. Particle size distribu- tions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural and urban atmosphere of Tianjin, China, Chemosphere. ; 62, 357-367. Li, J.; Zhang, G.; Li, X. D.; Qi, S. H.; Liu, G. Q.; Peng, X. Z. Source seasonality of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a subtropical city, Guang- zhou, South China, Science of the Total Environment. ; 355, 145- 155. Sezer, R. E.; Pıçak, Y. K. Tütün mücadelesi için yeni bir tehdit: aromatik nargile, Cumhuriyet Medical Journal. 2013, 33: 133-143.
Alver, E.; Demirci, A.; Özcimder, M. Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlar ve Sağlığa Etkileri, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2012; 3 (1): 45-52.
Keskin, F. İ.; Kaya, S. Et ve Ürünlerinin Pişirilmesi Sırasında Oluşan Zararlı Maddeler: Polisiklik Aromat- ik Hidrokarbonlar, 2014.
Pongpiachan, S. A preliminary study of using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as chemical tracers for traceability in soybean products, Food Control. ; 47, 392-400. Palamutoğlu, R.; Sarıçoban, C.; Kasnak, C. Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlar (PAH) ve Et Ürünlerinde Oluşumu, Gida Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi. 2014; 9 (3) 47-57.
Hu, X.; Kang, F.; Gao, Y.; Zhou, Q. Bacterial diver- sity losses: A potential extracellular driving mecha- nism involving the molecular ecological function of hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Bio- technology Reports. 2015; 5 27-30.
Fard, V. K.; Ghanemi, K.; Nikpour, Y.; Mehrjardi, M. F. Application of sulfur microparticles for solid- phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from sea water and wastewater samples, Analytica Chimica Acta. 2012; 714 89- 97.
Wang, M.; Cui, S.; Yang, X.; Bi, W. Synthesis of g- C3 N4/Fe3O4 nanocomposites and application as a new sorbent for solid phase extraction of polycyclic aro- matic hydrocarbons in water samples, Talanta. 2015; , 922-928.
Zhao, Z.; Zhang, L.; Cai, Y.; Chen, Y. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues in several tissues of edible Şshes from the largest fresh- water lake in China, Poyang Lake, and associated hu- man health risk assessment, Ecotoxicology and Envi- ronmental Safety. 2014; 104, 323-331.
Kim, S. J.; Lee, H.; Kwon, J. H. Measurement of partition coefŞcients for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between isolated plant cuticles and water, Science of the Total Environment. 2014; 494- , 113-118.
Bruna, F.; Celis, R.; Real, M.; Cornejo, J. Or- gano/LDH nanocomposite as an adsorbent of polycy- clic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and soil-water systems, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2012; 225- , 74- 80.
Sanches, S.; Leitao, C.; Penetra, A.; Cardoso, V. V.; Ferreira, E.; Benoliel, M. J.; Crespo Baretto, M. T.; Pe- reira, V. J. Direct photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water sources, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2011; 192, 1458- 146.
Moazzen, M.; Ahmadkhaniha, R.; Gorji, M. E.; Yunesian, M.; Rastkari, N. Magnetic solid-phase ex- traction based on magnetic multi-walled carbon nano- tubes for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled meat samples, Talanta. 2013; , 957-965.
Zhang, G.; Zang, X.; Li, Z.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z. Polydimethylsiloxane / metal-organic frameworks coated Şber for solid-phase microextraction of polycy- clic aromatic hydrocarbons in river and lake water samples, Talanta. 2014; 129, 600-605.
Jedrychowski, W. A.; Perera, F. P.; Majewska, R.; Mrozek-Budzyn, D.; Mroz, E.; Roen, E. L.; Sowa, A.; Jacek, R. Depressed height gain of children associated with intrauterine exposure to polycyclic aromatic hy- drocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals: The cohort pro- spective study, Environmental Research. 2015; 136, -147.
Rachhwal, M.; Magiera, T.; Wawer, M. Coke in- dustry and steel metallurgy as the source of soil con- tamination by technogenic magnetic particles, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Chemo- sphere. DOİ: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.077.
Han, Y. M.; Bandowe, B. A. M.; Wei, C.; Cao, J. J.; Wilcke, W.; Wang, G. H.; Ni, H. Y.; Jin, Z. D.; An, Z. S.; Yan, B. Z. Stronger association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with soot than with char in soils and sediments, Chemosphere. 2015; 119, 1335-1345.
Laumann, S.; Micic, V.; Kruge, M. A.; Achten, C.; Sachsenhofer, R. F.; Schwarzbauer, J.; Hofmann, T. Variations in concentrations and compositions of pol- ycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coals related to the coal rank and origin, Environmental Pollution. ; 159, 2690-2697.
Niepceron, M.; Martin-Laurent, F.; Crampon, M.; Portet Koltalo, F.; Akpa Vinceslas, M.; Legras, M.; Bru, D.; Brueau Bodilis, J. GammaProteobacteria as a potential bioindicator of a multiple contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricul- tural soils, Environmental Pollution. 2013; 180, 199
Hessel, S.; Lampen, A.; Seidel, A. Polycyclic aro- matic hydrocarbons in food - Efflux of the conjugated biomarker 1-hydroxypyrene is mediated by Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) in human intesti- nal Caco-2 cells, Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2013; , 797-804.
Gan, S.; Yap, C. L.; Ng, H. K.; Venny. Investigation of the impacts of ethyl lactate based Fenton treatment on soil quality for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated soils, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2013; 262, 691- 700.
Pimental, I. Y.; Gonzalez, R. F.; Carballo, E. M.; Gándara, J. S. Optimization of puriŞcation processes to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in polluted raw Şsh oils, Science of the Total Envi- ronment. 2014; 470-471, 917-924.
Aranda, A.; Murillo, R.; García, T.; Mastral, A. M. Simulation and optimization of tyre-based steam acti- vated carbons production for gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons abatement, Chemical Engi- neering Journal. 2012; 187, 123- 132.
Chauhan, A.; Bhatia, T.; Singh, A.; Saxena, P. N.; Kesavchandran, C.; Mudiam, M. K. R. Application of nano-sized multi-template imprinted polymer for simultaneous extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydro- carbon metabolites in urine samples followed by ultra- high performance liquid chromatographic analysis, Journal of Chromatography B. 2015; 985, 110-118.
Yuan, T. H.; Shie, R. H.; Chin, Y. Y.; Chan, C. C. Assessment of the levels of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in PM 2.5 for adult exposure to the petrochemical complex emis- sions, Environmental Research. 2015; 136, 219-226.
Hu, C.; He, M.; Chen, B.; Zhong, C.; Hu, B. Sorp- tive extraction using polydimethylsiloxane/metal- organic framework coated stir bars coupled with high performance detection for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples, Jour- nal of Chromatography A. 2014; 1356, 45-53.
Köseler, M. D. Büyükçekmece Gölü'nde Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Konsantrasyonunun Belirlenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Istanbul Teknik Ün- iversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2008.
Terzi, G.; Çelik, T. H. Polisiklik Aromatik Hidro- karbonların Bazı Gıdalarda Bulunuşu ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri, Gıda, 2006; 31 (6), 295-301.
Xu, P.; Ma, W.; Han, H.; Jia, S.; Hou B. Quantita- tive structure-biodegradability relationships for bio- kinetic parameter of polycyclic aromatic hydrocar- bons, Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2015, DOİ: doi:10.1016/j.jes.2014.07.030.
Carrizo, D.; Domeño, C.; Nerín, I.; Alfaro, P.; Nerín, C. Atmospheric pressure solid analysis probe coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrome- try as a tool for screening and semi-quantitative ap- proach of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxo-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex matrices, Talanta. ; 131, 175-184. Pham, C. T.; Kameda, T.; Toriba, A.; Hayakawa, K. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulates emitted by mo- torcycles, Environmental Pollution. 2013; 183, 175-183.
Lin, Y.; Qui, X.; Ma, Y.; Ma, J.; Zheng, M.; Shao, M. Concentrations and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in the atmosphere of North China, and the transformation from PAHs to NPAHs, Environmental Pollution. 2015; 196, 164-170.
Sun, J. L.; Jing, X.; Chang, W. J.; Chen, Z. X.; Zeng H. Cumulative health risk assessment of halogenated and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associ- ated with particulate matters in urban air, Ecotoxicol- ogy and Environmental Safety. 2015; 113, 31-37.
Rubailo, A.I.; Oberenko, A.V. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as Priority Pollutants. Journal of Siberi- an Federal University Chemistry. 2008; 4, 344-354.
Yurttagül, M.; Ayaz, A. Besinlerdeki Toksik Öğeler 2, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 727 Ankara, 2008.
Ceylan, Z.; Şengör Ünal, G. F. Tütsülenmiş Su Ürünleri Ve Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlar (PAH's), Gida ve Yem Bilimi - Teknolojisi Dergisi. ; 15: 27-33. Tfouni, S. A. V.; Padovani, G. R.; Reis, R. M.; Fur- lani, R. P. Z.; Camargo, M. C. R. Incidence of polycy- clic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oil blends, Food Control. 2014; 46 , 539-543.
SCF, Scientific Committee on Food. (2002). Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the risks to hu- man health of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
Food. 4 December 2002. Brussels: European Commission (EC).
EFSA, European Food Safety Authority. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food: Scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. The EFSA Journal. 2008; 724, 15-114.
European Commission Regulation (EC) No /2011 of 19 August 2011 amending Regulation (EC)
No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels for polycy- clic aromatic hydrocarbons in foodstuffs. Official
Journal of the European Union. 2001; L215, 4-8.
Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıda maddeleri Bulaşanlar Tebliği (TGK, 2011-28157).
Lijinsky, W.; Ross, A.E. Production of carcinogen- ic polynuclear hydrocarbons in cooking of food, Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. 1967; 5, 343:347.
Saint-Aubert, B.; Cooper, J.F.; Astre, C.; Spiliotis, J.; Joyeux, H. Evaluation of the induction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by cooking on two ge- ometrically differnt types of barbecue, J. Food Com- pos. Anal. 1992; 5:257-263.
Simko, P. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked meat products and smoke flavouring food additives. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002; 770(1-2): 3-18.
Hitzel, A.; Pöhlmann, M.; Schwägele, F.; Speer, K.; Jira, W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and phenolic substances in meat products smoked with different types of wood and smoking spices, Food Chemistry. 2013; 139, 955-962.
Olatunji, O. S.; Fatoki, O. S.; Opeolu, B. O.; Ximba, B. J. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocar- bons [PAHs] in processed meat products using gas chromatography - Flame ionization detector, Food Chemistry. 2014; 156, 296-300.
Farhadian, A.; Jinap, S.; Abas, F.; Sakar, Z.I. De- termination of polycyclic aromativ hydrocarbons in grilled meat, Food Control. 2010; 21; 606-610.
Saito, E.; Tanaka, N.; Miyazaki, A.; Tsuzaki, M. Concentration and particle size distribution of polycy- clic aromatic hydrocarbons formed by thermal cook- ing, Food Chemistry. 2014; 153, 285-291.
Baloğlu, Z.; Bayrak, A. Polisiklik Aromatik Hidro- karbonlardan Benzo(A)Pirenin Sızma, Riviera Ve Pri- na Zeytinyağlarında Belirlenmesi, Gıda Dergisi. 2006; (5), 239-251.
Moret, S.; Conte, L. S. Polycyclic aromatic hydro- carbons in edible fats and oils: occurrence and analyti- cal methods, Journal of Chromatography A. 2000; 882 (1-2), 245-253.
Şekeroğlu, G.; Fadıloğlu, S.; Göğüş, F. Bitkisel Yağlarda Benzo(a)piren Miktarının Yüksek Basınçlı Sıvı Kromatografisi ile Belirlenmesi, Türkiye 9. Gıda Kongresi, Bolu, 2006.
Ciecierska, M.; Obiedzinski, M. W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils from uncon- ventional sources, Food Control. 2013; 30, 556-562.
Larsson, B. K.; Eriksson, A. T.; Cervenka, M. Poly- cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude and deodorized vegetable oils, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 1987; 64, 365-
Drabova, L.; Tomaniova, M.; Kalachova, K.; Kocourek, V.; Hajslova, J.; Pulkrabova, J. Application of solid phase extraction and two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry for fast analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils, Food Control. 2013; 33, 497.
Acuna, R. R; Camino, P. M. C.; Cert, A.; Moreda, W. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Spanish Olive Oils: Relationship between Benzo(a)pyrene and Total Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008; 56, 10428-10432.
Gul, O.; Dervisoglu, M.; Mortas, M.; Aydemir, O.; İlhan, E.; Akşehir, K. Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Circassian cheese performance liquid chromatography with fluores- cence detection, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2015; 37, 82-86.
Londonoi, V. A. G.; Reynoso, C. M.; Resnik, S. L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) survey on tea (Camellia sinensis) commercialized in Argentina, Food Control. 2015; 50 31-37.
Falcon, G. M. S.; Garnde, C. B.; Gandara, S. J. Minimal clean-up and rapid determination of polycy- clic aromatic hydrocarbons in instant cofee, Food Chemistry. 2004; 90(4): 643-7.
Şengör, G.; Başak, S.; Telli Karakoç, F. Türkiye'de- ki Üç Farklı Füme Balikta Potansiyel Karsinojenik Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlarin (PAH) Hplc Yöntemi Ile Belirlenmesi, Türk Sucul Yasam Dergisi. ; 5-8. Çolak, H.; Hampikyan, H.; Bingöl, E. B.; Çetin, Ö.; Akhan, M. Perakende Olarak Satışa Sunulan Bebek Mamalarında Benzo(a)piren Varlığı, Istanbul Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 2013; 39 (2), 218-224.
Toptancı, I. Çiçek ve Salgi Ballarinda Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH), Pestisit Ve Antibiyotik Kalıntılarının GC/MC ve LC/MS/MS ile Belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri En- stitüsü, Ankara, 2013.
Moret, S.; Piani, B.; Bortolomeazzi, R.; Conte, L. S. HPLC determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocar- bons in olive oils. Z. Lebensm Unters Forsch A. 1997; , 116-120.