ÖRGÜTSEL BAĞLILIK, ÖRGÜTSEL VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞI VE DİĞER ÇALIŞAN TUTUMLARI VE DAVRANIŞLARININ KISA ÖLÇÜMLERİ: İYİ OLUŞ İLE İLİŞKİLENDİRME

Literatür Taraması Psikolojik Sözleşmenin Gerçekleştirilmesi ve çalışanların diğer tutum ve davranışlarına yönelik hakkında önemli bir literatür bulunmaktadır. Benzer şekilde işyerinde refah, refah süreci ve psikososyal kavramların kısa ölçütleri hakkında da var olan literatür giderek genişlemektedir. Amaç ve hedefler Bu çalışmanın ilk amacı, çalışanların tutum ve davranışlarına yönelik kısa ifadeler ve önlemler geliştirmek ve bunları daha uzun vadeli önlemlerle olan ilişkilerini inceleyerek onaylamaktır. İkinci amaç, bu kısa önlemlerin Psikolojik Sözleşme Yerine Getirilmesi ve iyi oluş durumuyla ilişkilerini incelemek yönündedir. Yöntemler Çalışma, Mekanik Turk kullanılarak işe alınan ve Qualtrics yazılımı kullanılarak teslim edilen ABD'den 166 işçinin çevrimiçi bir anketini içermektedir. Anket, var olan önlemleri ve yeni geliştirilen kısa ifadeleri içermektedir. Sonuçlar Kısa ifadeler ve hâlihazırda var olan ifadeler arasında yüksek korelasyonlar bulunmaktadır. Kısa ifadeler, Psikolojik Sözleşmenin Gerçekleştirilmesi ve iyi oluş değişkenlerinin beklenen yönde gerçekleşmesi ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Sonuç Yeni kısa ifadeler, çalışanların refahının gelecekteki çok değişkenli analizlerinde kullanılabilir. Bu, konuya dair bilginin ve farkındalığın artmasına ve teorik ve pratik anlamdaki yeni modellerin geliştirilmesine yol açacaktır.

SHORT MEASURES OF ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT, CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR AND OTHER EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOURS: ASSOCIATIONS WITH WELL-BEING

Background:There is considerable literature on Psychological Contract Fulfilment and other employee attitudes and behaviours.Similarly, there is increasing literature on well-being at work, the well-being process and short measures of psychosocialconcepts.Aims and objectivesThe first aim of the present study was to develop short measures of employee attitudes and behaviours and validate theseby examining associations with longer established measures. The second aim was to examine associations of these shortmeasures with Psychological Contract Fulfilment and aspects of well-being.MethodsThe study involved an online survey of 166 workers from the USA recruited using Mechanical Turk and delivered usingQualtrics software. The survey included established measures and the newly developed short items.ResultsThere were high correlations between short items and established measures. The short items were associated withPsychological Contract Fulfilment and the well-being variables in the predicted direction.ConclusionThe new short items can be used in future multi-variate analyses of the well-being of workers. This will lead to an increasein our knowledge and the development of new models that can be of theoretical and practical significance.

___

  • Argyris, C. (1960). Understanding Organisational Behaviour. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
  • Bal, M. P., De Cooman, R., & Mol, T. S. (2003). Dynamics of psychological contracts with work engagement and turnover intention: The influence of organizational tenure. European Journal of Work and Organisational Psychology, 22(1), 107-122. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2011.626198
  • Bandura, A. (1988). Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. Anxiety research, 1(2), 77-98. doi: 10.1080/10615808808248222
  • Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1986). Differential engagement of self-reactive influences in cognitive motivation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 38(1), 92–113. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(86)90028-2
  • Bateman, T. S., & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee “citizenship.” Academy of Management Journal, 26, 587–595. doi: 10.2307/255908
  • Bell, A. S., Rajendran, D., & Theiler, S. (2012). Job stress, wellbeing, work-life balance and work-life conflict among Australian academics. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 8(1), 25-37. doi: 10.7790/ejap.v8i1.320
  • Bjorklund, C., Jensen, I., & Lohela-Karlsson, M. (2013). Is a change in work motivation related to a change in mental well-being? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 571-580. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2013.09.002
  • Black, C. M. (2008). Working for a healthier tomorrow: Dame Carol Black's review of the health of Britain's working age population. London, UK: The Stationery Office.
  • Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Borman, W. C., Buck, D. E., Hanson, M. A., Motowidlo, S. J., Stark, S., & Drasgow, F. (2001). An examination of the comparative reliability, validity, and accuracy of performance ratings made using computerized adaptive rating scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 965-973. doi: 10.1037//0021-9010.86.5.965
  • Boyd, N. M., & Nowell, B. (2017). Testing a theory of sense of community and community responsibility in organizations: an empirical assessment of predictive capacity on employee wellbeing and organisational citizenship. Journal of Community Psychology, 45(2), 210-229. doi: 10.1002/jcop.21843
  • Burke, R. J., Oberklaid, F., & Burgess, Z. (2003). Organizational values, work experiences, and satisfactions among Australian psychologists. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(2), 123-135. doi: 10.1108/eb028966
  • Cassidy, T. & Lynn, R. (1989). A multifactoral approach to achievement motivation: The development of a comprehensive measure. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, 301-312.
  • Coetzee, S. E., & Rothmann, S. (2005). Occupational stress, organisational commitment and ill-health of employeesat a higher education institution in South Africa. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 31(1), 47-54. doi: 10.4102/sajip.v31i1.179
  • Conway, N., & Briner, R. B. (2002). Full-time versus part-time employees: Understanding the links between work status, the psychological contract, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(2), 279-301. doi: 10.1006/jvbe.2001.1857
  • Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(4), 668-678. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.38.4.668
  • Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M., & Parzefall, M. (2008). Psychological contracts. In: C. L. Cooper & J. Barling (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Organizational Behavior (pp. 70-80). London, UK: SAGE Publications.
  • Dabos, G. E., & Rousseau, D. M. (2004). Mutuality and reciprocity in the psychological contract of employees and employers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(1), 52-72. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.52
  • Dasgupta, S. (2001). Employment security: Conceptual and statistical issues. Vol. 10. Geneva: International Labour Office.
  • Dávila, M. C., & Finkelstein, M. A. (2013). Organizational citizenship behavior and well-being: Preliminary results. International Journal of Applied Psychology, 3(3), 45-51. doi: 10.5923/j.ijap.20130303.03
  • De Cooman, R., De Gieter, S., Pepermans, R., Jegers, M., & Van Acker, F. (2009). Development and validation of the work effort scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 266-273. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759.25.4.266
  • Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 627–668. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.125.6.627
  • De Cuyper, N., Bernhard-Oettel, C., Berntson, E., De Witte, H., & Alarco, B. (2008). Employability and employees' well-being: Mediation by job insecurity. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(3), 488-509. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00332.x
  • De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2006). The impact of job insecurity and contract type on attitudes, well‐being and behavioural reports: a psychological contract perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79(3), 395-409. doi: 10.1348/096317905x53660
  • De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2007). Job insecurity in temporary versus permanent workers: Associations with attitudes, well-being, and behaviour. Work & Stress, 21(1), 65-84. doi: 10.1080/02678370701229050
  • De Cuyper, N., Van der Heijden, B. I., & De Witte, H. (2011). Associations between perceived employability, employee well-being, and its contribution to organizational success: a matter of psychological contracts?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(7), 1486-1503. doi: 10.1080/09585192.2011.561962
  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2013). Recovery and work-life interface. In: D. A. Major & R. Burke [Eds.], Handbook of work-life integration among professionals: Challenges and opportunities (pp. 225-244). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi: 10.4337/9781781009291.00022
  • DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: a meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well being. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 197-229. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.124.2.197.
  • De Witte, H. (2000). Work ethic and job insecurity: Assessment and consequences for well-being, satisfaction and performance at work. In R. Bouwen, K. De Witte, H.
  • De Witte & T. Taillieu (Eds.), Van Groep tot Gemeenschap (From Group to Community) (pp. 325-350). Leuven, Belgium: Garant.
  • De Witte, H. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well-being: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 155-177. doi: 10.1080/135943299398302
  • De Witte, H., Pienaar, J., & De Cuyper, N. (2016). Review of 30 years of longitudinal studies on the association between job insecurity and health and well-being: Is there causal evidence? Australian Psychologist, 51(1), 18-31. doi: 10.1111/ap.12176
  • De Witte, H., Vander Elst, T., & De Cuyper, N. (2015). Job insecurity, health and well-being. In J. Vuori, R. Blonk, & R. H. Price (Eds.), Aligning perspectives on health, safety and wellbeing. Sustainable working lives: Managing work transitions and health throughout the life course (pp. 109-128). New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media; US. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9798-6_7
  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 93(3), 542-575. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.95.3.542
  • Diener, E. (1996). Traits can be powerful, but are not enough: lessons from subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 30(3), 389-399. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1996.0027
  • Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, Culture, and Subjective Well-being: Emotional and Cognitive Evaluations of Life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403-425. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056
  • Diener, E., Sapyta, J. J., & Suh, E. (1998). Subjective Well-Being Is Essential to Well-Being. Psychological Inquiry, 9(1), 33-37. doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli0901_3
  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.125.2.276
  • Feigon, M., Block, C., Guidotti Breting, L., Boxley, L., Dawson, E., & Cobia, D. (2018). Work-life integration in neuropsychology: A review of the existing literature and preliminary recommendations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(2), 300-317. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1411977
  • Fernet, C., & Austin, S. (2014). Self-determination and job stress. In M. Gagne(Ed), The Oxford handbook of work engagement, motivation, and self-determination theory (pp. 231-244). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; US.
  • Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21(3), 219-239. doi: 10.2307/2136617.
  • Frone, M. R. (2003). Work-family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology (pp. 143-162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work–family conflict: Testing a model of the work–family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 65–78. doi: 10.1037//0021-9010.77.1.65
  • Gouldner, A, W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity. American Sociological review, 25(2), 161-178. doi: 10.2307/2092623
  • Grawitch, M. J., Barber, L. K., & Justice, L. (2010). Rethinking the work-life interface: It's not about balance, it's about resource allocation. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 2(2), 127-159. doi: 10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01023.x
  • Grebner, S., Semmer, N. K., Lo Faso, L., Gut, S., Kalin, W., & Elfering, A. (2003). Working conditions, well-being, and job-related attitudes among call centre agents. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12(4), 341-365. doi: 10.1080/13594320344000192
  • Gottfried, A. E., Fleming, J. S, & Gottfried, A. W. (2004). Continuity of academic intrinsic motivation from children through late adolescence: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(1), 3-13. doi: 10.1037//0022-0663.93.1.3
  • Greenberg, J. (2011). Behavior in Organizations. (10th ed.). London, England: Pearson Education Ltd.
  • Gropel, P., & Kuhl, J. (2009). Work-life balance and subjective well-being: The mediating role of need fulfilment. British Journal of Psychology, 100(2), 365-375. doi: 10.1348/000712608x337797
  • Guay, F., Chanal, J., Ratelle, C. F., Marsh, H. W., Larose, S., & Boivin, M. (2010). Intrinsic, identified, and controlled types of motivation for school subjects in young elementary school children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(4), 711–735. doi: 10.1348/000709910x499084
  • Guest, D. E. (1989). “Is the psychological contract worth taking seriously?”. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 19(1), 649-664. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(1998)19:1+<649::aid-job970>3.0.co;2-t
  • Guest, D., & Conway, R. (2002). Communicating the psychological contract: An employer perspective. Human Resource Management Journal, 12(2), 22-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-8583.2002.tb00062.x
  • Haider, S., Jabeen, S., & Ahmad, J. (2018). Moderated mediation between work life balance and employee job performance: The role of psychological wellbeing and satisfaction with coworkers. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 34(1), 29-37. doi: 10.5093/jwop2018a4
  • Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Sune, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work-life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361-373. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010
  • Hayes, N., & Joseph, S. (2003). Big 5 correlates of three measures of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(4), 723-727. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00057-0
  • Hill, E. J., Hawkins, A. J., Ferris, M., & Weitzman, M. (2001). Finding an extra day a week: The positive influence of perceived job flexibility on work and family life balance. Family Relations, 50, 49-58.
  • Headey, B., & Wearing, A. (1989). Personality, Life Events, and Subjective Well-Being: Toward a Dynamic Equilibrium Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(4), 731-739. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.57.4.731
  • Ilgen, D. R., & Klein, H. J. (1989). Organizational behavior. In M.R. Rosenzweig & L.W. Porter (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology (Vol. 40, pp. 327–51). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
  • ILO. (1995). Labour Market Indicators Questionnaire 1995 (Geneva, EMPFORM, ILO)
  • Isaksson, K., Bernhard, C., Claes, R., De White, H., Guest. D., Krausz, M., Mohr, G., Peiro, M. J., & Schalk, R. (2003). Employment contracts and psychological contract in Europe: Result from a pilot study. Saltsa Report, 2003(i), 1-38.
  • Johnson, J. V., & Hall, E. M. (1988). Job strain, workplace social support, and cardiovascular disease. A cross-sectional study of random sample of the Swedish working population. America Journal of Public Health, 78(10), 1336-1342. doi: 10.2105/ajph.78.10.1336
  • Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2002). Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 693-710. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.83.3.693
  • Kinman, G., & Jones, F. (2008). A life beyond work? Job demands, work-life balance, and wellbeing in UK academics. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 17(1-2), 41-60. doi: 10.1080/10911350802165478
  • Kluemper, D. H., Little, L. M., & DeGroot, T. (2009). State or trait: effects of state optimism on job‐related outcomes. Journal of organizational Behavior, 30(2), 209-231. doi: 10.1002/job.591
  • Knapp, M., McDaid, D., Mossialos, E., & Thornicroft, G. (2006). Mental health policy and practice across Europe. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
  • Kompier, M. A. J., Taris, T. W., & van Veldhoven, M. (2012). Tossing and turning-Insomnia in relation to occupational stress, rumination, fatigue, and well-being. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 38(3), 238-246. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3263
  • Kumar, M., Jauhari, H., & Singh, S. (2016). Organizational citizenship behavior & employee well-being. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 51(4), 594-608.
  • Kuvaas, B. (2006). Performance appraisal satisfaction and employee outcomes: mediating and moderating roles of work motivation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(3), 504-522. doi: 10.1080/09585190500521581
  • Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131-142. doi: 10.1037//0021-9010.87.1.131
  • Lee-Flynn, S. C., Pomaki, G., DeLongis, A., Biesanz, J. C., & Puterman, E. (2011). Daily cognitive appraisals, daily affect, and long-term depressive symptoms: The role of self-esteem and self-concept clarity in the stress process. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(2), 255-268. doi: 10.1177/0146167210394204
  • Levinson, H., Proce, C. R., Munden, K. J., Mandl, H. J. Solley, C. M. (1962). Men, Management and Mental Health. Boston: Harvard University Press.
  • MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Fetter, R. (1993). The impact of organizational citizenship behavior on evaluations of sales performance. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 70-80. doi: 10.2307/1252058
  • Mark, G. M., & Smith, A. P. (2008). Stress models: A review and suggested new direction. In J. Houdmont & S. Leka (Eds.), Occupational Health Psychology: European Perspectives on Research, Education and Practice (Vol. 3, pp. 111-144). Nottingham: Nottingham University Press.
  • Mark, G., & Smith, A. P. (2012a). Effects of occupational stress, job characteristics, coping, and attributional style on the mental health and job satisfaction of university employees. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 25(1), 63-78. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2010.548088
  • Mark, G., & Smith, A. P. (2012b). Occupational stress, job characteristics, coping, and the mental health of nurses. British Journal of Health Psychology, 17(3), 505-521. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02051.x
  • Marks, A. (2001). "Developing a multiple foci conceptualization of the psychological contract". Employee Relations, 23(5), 454 – 469. doi: 10.1108/eum0000000005897
  • Maydeu-Olivares, A., Kramp, U., García-Forero, C., Gallardo-Pujol, D., & Coffman, D. (2009). The Effect of Varying the Number of Response Alternatives in Rating Scales: Experimental Evidence from Intra-Individual Effects. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 295-308. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.2.295
  • Meyer, J & Allen, N. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. doi: 10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-z
  • Millward, L. J., & Hopkins, L. J. (1998). Psychological contracts, organizational and job commitment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(16), 1530-56. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01689.x
  • Mowday, R. T., Koberg, C. S., & McArthur, A. W. (1984). The psychology of withdrawal process: A cross-validation test of Mobley’s intermediate linkages model of turnover in two samples. Academy of Management Journal, 27(1), 79-94. doi: 10.2307/255958
  • Naylor, J.C., Pritchard, R.D., & Ilgen, D.R. (1980). A theory of behavior in organizations. New York: Academic Press.
  • Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J.S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family- work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400-410. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.400
  • Ng, E., Hong, C., Hao, L. Z., Kumar, R., Ramendran, C., & Kadiresan, V. (2012). An effectiveness of human resource management practices on employee retention in institute of higher learning: A regression analysis. International Journal of Business Research and Management, 3(2), 60-79.
  • Nikolaou, I., & Tsaousis, I. (2002). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: Exploring its effects on occupational stress and organizational commitment. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 10(4), 327-342. doi: 10.1108/eb028956
  • Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behaviour: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
  • Organ, D. W. (1990). The subtle significance of job satisfaction. Clinical Laboratory Management Review, 4(1), 94–98.
  • Organ, D. W. (1997). Organizational citizenship behaviour: It’s construct clean-up time. Human Performance, 10(2), 85– 97. doi: 10.1207/s15327043hup1002_2
  • Panaccio, A., & Vandenberghe, C. (2009). Perceived organizational support, organizational commitment and psychological well-being: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(2), 224-236. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2009.06.002
  • Parkinson, J. (2007). Review of scales of positive mental health validated for use with adults in the UK: Technical report. Health Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland.
  • Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). The affective and cognitive context of self-reported measures of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 28(1), 1-20. doi: 10.1007/bf01086714
  • Peterson, C. (1991). On shortening the Expanded Attributional Style Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 56(1), 179-183. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5601_16
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, K. (1990). Transformational leader behaviours and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviours. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142. doi: 10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviours: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513–563. doi: 10.1177/014920630002600307
  • Quick, J. D., Henley, A. B., & Quick, J. C. (2004). The balancing act: At work and at home. Organizational Dynamics, 33(4), 426-438. doi: 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.09.008
  • Quine, L. (1999). Workplace bullying in NHS community trust: Staff questionnaire survey. British Medical Journal, 318(7178), 228-232. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7178.228.
  • Reeve, J. (2009). Understanding motivation and emotion (5th Ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Son, Inc.
  • Reiter, N. (2007). Work life balance: What do you mean? The ethical ideology underpinning appropriate application. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(2), 273-294. doi: 10.1177/0021886306295639
  • Rick, J., Briner, R. B., Daniels, K., Perryman, S., & Guppy, A. (2001). A critical review of psychosocial hazard measures. HSE Books, HMSO, Norwich.
  • Robinson, S. L., Kraatz, M., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Changing obligations and the psychological contract: A longitudinal study. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1), 137-152. doi: 10.2307/256773
  • Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contract in organisations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2(2), 121-139. doi: 10.1007/bf01384942
  • Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contract in organisations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Rousseau, D. M. (2011). The individual-organisation relationship: The psychological contract. In S. Zedecj (Ed.), APA of handbook of industrial and organisational psychology (pp. 191-220). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Sackett, P. R., & Larson Jr., J. R. (1990). Research Strategies and Tactics in Industrial and Organizational Psychology. In M. D. Dunnett, & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook ofIndustrial and Organizational Psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 419-489). Palo Alto, CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Saucan, D. S., Marhan, A. M.,& Micle, M. I. (2014). Intention to quit job-Consequence of work-family conflict. A Romanian pilot study. Revista de Psihologie, 60(3), 253-259.
  • Schaufeli, W. B. (2016). Job insecurity research is still alive and kicking twenty years later: A commentary. Australian Psychologist, 51(1), 32-35. doi: 10.1111/ap.12201
  • Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing Optimism from Neuroticism (and Trait Anxiety, Self-Mastery, and Self-Esteem): A Reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063-1078. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.67.6.1063
  • Schein, E. H. (1965). Organisational Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., Furr, R. M., & Funder, D. C. (2004). Personality and life satisfaction: A facet-level analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(8), 1062-1075.
  • Sharpe, J. P., Martin, N. R., & Roth, K. A. (2011). Optimism and the Big Five factors of personality: Beyond neuroticism and extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), 946-951. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.033
  • Siegrist, J. (1996). Adverse health effects and high effort/ low reward conditions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 27-41. doi: 10.1037//1076-8998.1.1.27
  • Silla, I., De Cuyper, N., Gracia, F. J., Peiro, J. M., & De Witte, H. (2009). Job insecurity and well-being: Moderation by employability. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(6), 739-751. doi: 10.1007/s10902-008-9119-0
  • Siu, O. L. (2002). Occupational stressors and well‐being among Chinese employees: The role of organisational commitment. Applied Psychology, 51(4), 527-544. doi: 10.1111/1464-0597.t01-1-00106
  • Siu, O. L. (2013). Psychological capital, work well-being, and work-life balance among Chinese employees: A cross- lagged analysis. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 12(4), 170-181. doi: 10.1027/1866-5888/a000092
  • Smith, A. P., McNamara, R. L., & Wellens, B. T. (2004). Combined Effects of Occupational Health Hazards (Report 287). HSE Contract Research. HSE Books.
  • Smith, A., Johal, S., & Wadsworth, E. (2000). The Scale of Occupational Stress: The Bristol Stress and Health at Work Study. Contract Research Report 265/2000, Sudbury: HSE Books.
  • Smith, A., Wadsworth, E., Chaplin, K., Allen, P., & Mark, G. (2009). What is a good job? The relationship between work/working and improved health and well-being. Wigston, UK: IOSH.
  • Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2013). Stress in organisation. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Comprehensive Handbook of Psychology: Industrial and Organisational Psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 453-491). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008). Refining the Relationship between Personality and Subjective Well-Being. Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 138-161. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.138
  • Steers, R. M. (1977). Antecedents and Outcomes of Organizational Commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22(1), 46-56. doi: 10.2307/2391745
  • Stiglbauer, B., Selenko, E., Batinic, B., & Jodlbauer, S. (2012). On the link between job insecurity and turnover intentions: Moderated mediation by work involvement and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 17(3), 354-364. doi: 10.1037/a0028565
  • Tambe, S., & Shanker, M. (2014). A study of organisational citizenship behaviour and its dimensions: A literature review. International Research Journal of Business and Management, 1, 67-73.
  • Taylor, M. S., & Tekleab, A. G. (2004). Taking stock of psychological contract research: Assessing progress, addressing troublesome issues and setting research priorities. In J. A. M. Coyle-Shapiro, L. M. Shore, M. S. Taylor, & L. E. Tetrick, (Eds.)The employment relationship: Examining psychological and contextual perspectives (pp. 253-283). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Tsutsumi, A., & Kawakami, N. (2004). A review of empirical studies on the model of effort-reward imbalance at work: reducing occupational stress by implementing a new theory. Social science & medicine, 59(11), 2335-2359. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.03.030
  • Turnipseed, D. & Rasuli, A. (2005). Performance perceptions of organizational citizenship behavior at work. British Journal of Management, 163, 23-29.
  • Turnley, W. H., Bolino, M. C., Lester, S. W., & Bloodgood, J. M. (2003). The impact of psychological contract fulfilment on the performance of in-role and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, 29(2), 187-206. doi: 10.1177/014920630302900204
  • Van Der Doef, M., & Maes, S. (1999). The Job Demand-Control (-Support) model and psychological well-being: A review of 20 years of empirical research. Work and Stress, 13(2), 87-114. doi: 10.1080/026783799296084
  • Waldron, S. (2010). Measuring subjective wellbeing in the UK. Newport: Office for National Statistics.
  • Wegge, J., Van Dick, R., Fisher, G. K., Wecking, C., & Moltzen, K. (2006). Work motivation, organizational identification, and well-being in call centre work. Work & Stress, 20(1), 60-83. doi: 10.1080/02678370600655553
  • Weisberg, J. (1994). Measuring workers’ burnout and intention to leave. International Journal of Manpower, 15(1), 4-14. doi: 10.1108/01437729410053590
  • Williams G.M (2015) Researching and developing mental health and wellbeing assessment tools for supporting employees and employers in Wales. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/71443/1/2015williamsphd.pdf
  • Williams, G.M. & Smith, A.P. (2012). A holistic approach to stress and well-being. Part 6: The Wellbeing Process Questionnaire (WPQ Short Form). Occupational Health (At Work), 9(1), 29-31.
  • Williams, G., Pendlebury, H., Thomas, K & Smith, A.P. 2017. The student wellbeing process questionnaire (Student WPQ). Psychology, 8, 1748-1761 http://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2017.811115
  • Williams, G., Pendlebury, H. & Smith, A.P. 2017. Stress and Well-being of Nurses: an Investigation using the Demands- Resources- Individual Effects (DRIVE) model and Well-being Process Questionnaire (WPQ). Jacobs Journal of Depression and Anxiety,1, 1-8. http://depressionandanxiety.jacobspublishers.com/images/Depression/J_J_Depr_Anxi_1_1_001.pdf
  • Williams, G., Thomas, K & Smith, A.P. 2017. Stress and Well-being of University Staff: an Investigation using the Demands-Resources- Individual Effects (DRIVE) model and Well-being Process Questionnaire (WPQ). Psychology, 8, 1919-1940. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2017.812124
  • Williams, G.M. & Smith, A.P. 2018a. A practical method of predicting wellbeing at work: the Wellbeing Process Tool. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(2), 86-93. doi: 10.14738/assrj.52.4158. http://scholarpublishing.org/index.php/ASSRJ/article/view/4158/2506
  • Williams, G.M. & Smith, A.P. 2018b. A longitudinal study of the well-being of students using the student well-being questionnaire (WPQ). Journal of Education, Society and Behavioral Science, 24(4), 1-6. doi:10.9734/JESBS/2018/40105
  • Williams, G.M. & Smith, A.P. 2018c. Diagnostic validity of the anxiety and depression questions from the Well-Being Process Questionnaire. Journal of Clinical and Translational Research. doi: 10.18053/jctres.04.201802.001
  • Wismar, M., McKee, M., Ernst, K., Srivastava, D., & Busse, R. (2013). Measurement of and target-setting for well-being: an initiative by the WHO Regional Office for Europe/Second meeting of the expert group Paris, France, 25-26 June 2012.
  • Yu.Y., Manku, M., & Backman, C. L.(2018). Measuring occupational balance and its relationship to perceived stress and health. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy / Revue Canadienne D'Ergotherapie, 85(2), 117-127. doi: 10.1177/0008417417734355
  • Yurcu, G., Çolakoğlu, Ü., & Atay, H. (2015). The Effect of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Subjective Well-Being. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 68(1), 120-130.
  • Zhao, H., Wayne, S. J., Glibkowski, B. C., & Bravo, J. (2007).The impact of psychological contract breach on work - related outcomes: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 647-680. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00087.x
  • Zheng, C., Molineux, J., Mirshekary, S., & Scarparo, S. (2015). Developing individual and organisational work-life balance strategies to improve employee health and wellbeing. Employee Relations, 37(3), 354-379. doi: 10.1108/er-10-2013-0142