Detailed simulation of regenerative braking of BLDC motor for electric vehicles

Reducing the use of fossil fuels is among the targets of the countries. Because they are likely to run out in the future and cause greenhouse gas emissions to the environment. One of the causes of greenhouse gas emissions is fossil fuel vehicles. The fossil-fueled vehicles can be replaced by electric vehicles. Electric vehicles have lower fuel costs due to the high efficiency of electric motors compared to internal combustion engines. The inadequacy in the batteries and the lack of charging stations require these vehicles to be used within certain distances. One of the ways to increase the distance is the regenerative braking of brushless direct current (BLDC) motors, which makes it re-usable when the vehicle is braking. This study presents a detailed simulation of the operation of a BLDC motor both as a motor and as a generator with regenerative braking by using Matlab/Simulink program. According to a simulation scenario, an energy recovery of 0.35% was achieved.

Keywords:

BLDC motor, electric vehicle regenerative breaking, simulation,

PDF

___

Solmaz, H. and Çelikten, İ., “Estimation of number of vehicles and amount of pollutants generated by vehicles in Turkey until 2030”, Gazi University Journal of Science, 25(2): 495-503, (2012).
Hadj, N.B., Abdelmoula, R., Chaieb, M. and Neji, R., “Permanent magnet motor efficiency map calculation and small electric vehicle consumption optimization”, Journal of Electrical Systems, 14(2): 127-147, (2018).
Shaukat, N., Khan, B., Ali, S.M., Mehmood, C.A., Khan, J., Farid, U., Majid, M., Anwar, S.M., Jawad, M. and Ullah, Z., “A survey on electric vehicle transportation within smart grid system”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81: 1329-1349, (2018).
Qiu, C., Wang, G., Meng, M. and Shen, Y., “A novel control strategy of regenerative braking system for electric vehicles under safety critical driving situations”, Energy, 149: 329-340, (2018).
Nadeau, J., Lebel, F.A., Messier, P., Trovao, J.P. and Desrochers, A., “Novel ergonomic regenerative braking system for an electric motorcycle”, 2018 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Chicago, 1-6, (2018).
Li, L., Zhang, Y., Yang, C., Yan, B. and Martinez, C.M., “Model predictive control-based efficient energy recovery control strategy for regenerative braking system of hybrid electric bus”, Energy Conversion and Management, 111: 299-314, (2016).
Pan, C., Chen, L., Chen, L., Jiang, H., Li, Z. and Wang, S., “Research on motor rotational speed measurement in regenerative braking system of electric vehicle”, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 66: 829-839, (2016).
Hua, C.C., Kao, S.J. and Fang, Y.H. “Design and implementation of a regenerative braking system for electric bicycles with a DSP controller”, 2013 1st International Future Energy Electronics Conference (IFEEC), Tainan, 641-645, (2013).
Kivanc, O.C., Ustun, O., Tosun, G., Tuncay, R.N., “On regenerative braking capability of BLDC motor”, IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Florence, 1710-1715, (2016).
Guo, J., Wang, J. and Cao, B. “Regenerative braking strategy for electric vehicles”, 2009 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Xi'an, 864-868, (2009).
Ahn, J.K., Jung, K.H., Kim, D.H., Jin, H.B., Kim, H.S. and Hwang, S.H., “Analysis of a regenerative braking system for hybrid electric vehicles using an electro-mechanical brake”, International Journal of Automotive Technology, 10(2): 229-234, (2009).
Wu, H.X., Cheng, S.K. and Cui, S.M., “A controller of brushless DC motor for electric vehicle”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 41(1): 509-513, (2005).
Geraee, S., Mohammadbagherpoor, H., Shafiei, M., Valizadeh, M., Montazeri, F. and Feyzi, M.R., “Regenerative braking of electric vehicle using a modified direct torque control and adaptive control theory”, Computers & Electrical Engineering, 69: 85-97, (2018).
Cody, J., Göl, Ö., Nedic, Z., Nafalski, A. and Mohtar, A., “Regenerative braking in an electric vehicle”, Zeszyty Problemowe – Maszyny Elektryczne, 81: 113-118, (2009).
Billah, S.B., Jakaria, M. and Nath, P., “A novel regenerative braking system of BLDC motor for lightweight electric vehicles: An analysis of braking characteristics”, 2nd international Conference on Electrical & Electronic Engineering (ICEEE), Rajshahi, 1-4, (2017).
Godfrey, A.J. and Sankaranarayanan, V., “A new electric braking system with energy regeneration for a BLDC motor driven electric vehicle”, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 21(4): 704-713, (2018).
Maia, R., Silva, M., Araújo, R. and Nunes, U., “Electrical vehicle modeling: A fuzzy logic model for regenerative braking”, Expert Systems with Applications, 42(22): 8504-8519, (2015).
Gökçe, C. and Üstün, Ö., Elektrikli araçlarda tam elektrikli frenleme için bulanık mantık tabanlı yeni bir yöntemin geliştirilmesi ve uygulaması. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 19(3): 339-352, (2015).
Chen, J., Yu, J., Zhang, K. and Ma, Y., “Control of regenerative braking systems for four-wheel-independently-actuated electric vehicles”, Mechatronics, 50: 394-401, (2018).
Wu, J., Wang, X., Li, L. and Du, Y., “Hierarchical control strategy with battery aging consideration for hybrid electric vehicle regenerative braking control”, Energy, 145: 301-312, (2018).
Rakesh, M. and Narasimham, P.V.R.L., “Different braking techniques employed to a brushless DC motor drive used in locomotives”, International Electrical Engineering Journal, 3(2): 784-790, (2012).
Nian, X., Peng, F. and Zhang, H. “Regenerative braking system of electric vehicle driven by brushless DC motor”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 61(10): 5798-5808, (2014).
Sindhuja, V. and Ranjitham, G., “Regenerative braking system of electric vehicle driven by BLDC motor using neuro fuzzy and PID”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3(12): 17847-17854, (2014).
Elavarasi, R. and SenthilKumar, P. K., “An FPGA based regenerative braking system of electric vehicle driven by BLDC motor”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 7(S7): 1-5, (2014).
Karabacak, Y. and Uysal, A., “Fuzzy logic controlled brushless direct current motor drive design and application for regenerative braking”, 2017 International Artificial Intelligence and Data Processing Symposium (IDAP), Malatya, 1-7, (2017).
Suvak, H. and Erşan K., “The simulation of a full electric vehicle using the city cycle”, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 5(2): 38-46, (2016).
Junzhi, Z., Yutong, L., Chen, L. and Ye, Y., “New regenerative braking control strategy for rear-driven electrified minivans”, Energy Conversion and Management, 82: 135-145, (2014).
Cano, Z.P., Banham, D., Ye, S., Hintennach, A., Lu, J., Fowler, M. and Chen, Z., Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets. Nature Energy, 3(4): 279-289, (2018).
Yang, M.J., Jhou, H.L., Ma, B.Y., Shyu, K.K., “A cost-effective method of electric brake with energy regeneration for electric vehicles”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 56(6): 2203-2212, (2009).
Zhou, X. and Fang, J., “Precise braking torque control for attitude control flywheel with small inductance brushless DC motor”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 28(11): 5380-5390, (2013).
Bobba, P.B. and Rajagopal, K.R., “Compact regenerative braking scheme for a PM BLDC motor driven electric two-wheeler”, 2010 Joint International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems & 2010 Power India, New Delhi, 1-5, (2010).
Long, B., Lim, S., Ryu, J. and Chong, K., “Energy-regenerative braking control of electric vehicles using three-phase brushless direct-current motors”, Energies, 7(1): 99-114, (2014).
Rosas-Caro, J.C., Ramírez, J.M. and García-Vite, P.M., “Novel DC-DC multilevel boost converter”. 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Rhodes, 2146-2151, (2008).