Bilinçli Farkındalığın Yordayıcıları Olarak Beden Memnuniyeti Ve İyilik Hali

Bu çalışmanın amacı; üniversite öğrencilerinin bilinçli farkındalık, iyilik hali ve beden memnuniyeti düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın verileri 2017-2018 eğitim-öğretim yılında Uşak Üniversitesinin çeşitli bölümlerinde öğrenim gören 369 (N=220 kız, N=149 erkek) öğrenciden toplanmıştır. Araştırma, ilişkisel tarama modeline uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında öğrencilerin iyilik halini belirlemek amacıyla “İyilik Hali Ölçeği”, beden memnuniyetini belirlemek amacıyla “Beden Memnuniyeti Ölçeği” ve bilinçli farkındalık düzeyini belirmek amacıyla da “Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği” uygulanmıştır. Veriler, t-testi, korelasyon ve çoklu regresyon yöntemiyle SPSS 20.0 programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, beden memnuniyetinin cinsiyete göre farklılaşmadığını fakat iyilik halinin kız öğrencilerde bilinçli farkındalığın ise erkek öğrencilerde daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir.

Body Satisfaction and Well-Being Status as Predictors of Conscious Awareness

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between conscious awareness and well-being and body satisfaction levels of university students. The data of the study were collected from 369 (N = 220 female, N = 149 male) students who studied at various departments of Uşak University in 2017-2018 academic year. The research was conducted in accordance with the relational screening model. The “Well- Being Scale" was used to determine well-being state of the students, the "Body satisfaction Scale" was used to determine their body satisfaction state, and the "Conscious Awareness Scale" was used to determine their level of Conscious awareness. Data were analyzed by using t-test, correlation and multiple regression analyses by using SPSS 20.0 program. The results of the study indicated that body satisfaction did not differ according to gender. The wellbeing was higher in female students, whereas the conscious awareness was higher in male students. It was found a weak positive relationship between the conscious awareness and the well-being and body satisfaction. Findings revealed that body satisfaction and well-being predict the conscious awareness at statistically significant level. The findings of the present study were discussed in the light of the literature and some suggestions were made.

PDF

___

Adams, T. B., Bezner, J. R., Drabbs, M. E., Zambarano, R. J., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2000). Conceptualization and measurement of the spiritual and psychological dimensions of wellness in a college population. Journal of American College Health, 48(4), 165-173.
Ang, R. P., & Jiaqing, O. (2012). Association between caregiving, meaning in life, and life satisfaction beyond 50 in an Asian sample: Age as a moderator. Social Indicators Research, 108(3), 525-534.
Avalos, L., Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. (2005). The body appreciation scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 2(3), 285-297.
Avan, Z. (2015). Özel bir spor merkezine devam eden 18-30 yaş arası bireylerin beslenme durumlarının ve beden algılarının değerlendirilmesi (Evaluation on nutritional status and body image of individuals between 18 and 30 years attended a private sport center). Unpublished Master Thesis, Başkent Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Baer, R. A. (2007). Mindfulness, assessment, and transdiagnostic processes. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 238- 242.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191-206.
Bakalım, O. & Taşdelen-Karçkay, A. (2016). Beden memnuniyeti ölçeği: türk kadin ve erkek üniversite Öğrencilerinde faktör yapisi ve psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi [Body Appreciation Scale: Evaluation of the factor structure and psychometric properties among male and female Turkish university students]. Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 12(1), 410-422.
Baştuğ, G., Akandere, M., & Yıldız, H. (2011). Sedanter genç bayanlarda aerobik egzersizin vücut kompozisyonu ve kendini fiziksel tanımlama değerlerine etkisi [Effect of aerobic exercise on body composition and physical self description values of sedentary young women]. Journal of Sports and Performance Researches, 2(2), 22 - 27.
Baysal, N. & Demirbaş, B. (2012). Sınıf öğretmenliği adaylarının bilinçli farkındalıkları ile yansıtıcı düşünme eğilimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [A study of the relationship between the mindful attentıon awareness of candidate primary school teachers and theır reflective thinking tendency]. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 1(4), 12-20.
Beauchemin, J., Hutchins, T. L., & Patterson, F. (2008). Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety, promote social skills, and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning disabilities. Complementary Health Practice Review, 13(1), 34-45.
Bezner, J. R., Adams, T. B., & Steinhardt, M. A. (1997). Relationship of body dissatisfaction to physical health and wellness. American Journal of Health Behavior, 21(2), 147-155.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice11, 230-241.
Broderick, P. C. & Metz, S. (2009). Learning to breathe: A pilot trial of a mindfulness curriculum for adolescents. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 2(1), 35-46.
Brown, K. W. & Kasser, T. (2005). Are psychological and ecological well-being compatible? The role of values, mindfulness, and lifestyle. Social Indicators Research, 74(2), 349-368.
Brown, K. W. & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822.
Carlson, L. E. & Brown, K. W. (2005). Validation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale in a cancer population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(1), 29-33.
Carmody, J. & Baer, R. A. (2008). Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal Of Behavioral Medicine, 31(1), 23-33.
Cengiz, R. (2015, Haziran). Üniversiteli taekwondo sporcularının bilinçli farkindalik düzeylerinin incelenmesi [An examination of conscious awareness levels of college taekwondo athletes]. ERPA International Health and Physical Education Congress, Atina, Yunanistan.
Cengiz, R., Serdar, E. Konuk, B. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilinçli farkındalık ve girişimcilik düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Analyzing the level of mindfulness and entrepreneurship of the university students]. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 2 (4), 1320-1328.
Chambers, R., Gullone, E., & Allen, N. B. (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 560-572.
Çelik, M., Turunç, Ö., & Bilgin, N. (2014). Çalişanlarin örgütsel adalet algilarinin psikolojik sermaye üzerine etkisi: çalişanlarin iyilik halinin düzenleyici rolü [The impact of percieved justice of employees on psychological capital: moderating effect of employee well-being]. Journal of Dokuz Eylül University Institute of Social Sciences , 16(4), 559-585.
Çepikkurt, F. & Coşkun F. (2010). Social physique anxiety and body image satisfaction levels of collegian dangers. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 1(2), 17-24.
Çok, F. (1990). Body image satisfaction in Turkish adolescents. Adolescence, 25, 409-414.
Cooper, M. L., Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Mudar, P. (1995). Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 990- 1005.
Davis, K. M., Lau, M. A., & Cairns, D. R. (2009). Development and preliminary validation of a trait version of the Toronto mindfulness scale. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 185-197.
Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the selfdetermination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
Demirbulat, Ö. G. & Bozok, D. (2015). Presenteeism (işte var olamama) ile yaşam doyumu, fiziksel ve ruhsal iyilik halinin etkileşimine yönelik seyahat acentesi iş görenleri üzerinde bir araştırma [Study of the management and organization theories in terms of the structural factors affecting decision-making]. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of Social and Economic, 16 (27), 7-13.
Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Lucas, R. E. (2009). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. Social Indicators Research Series, 39, 67-100.
Doğan, T. (2008). Psikolojik belirtilerin yordayıcısı olarak sosyal destek ve iyilik hali [Social support and wellness as predictors of psychological symptoms]. Turkish Journal of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, 3(30), 30-44.
Dunn, H. L. (1961). High level wellness. A collection of twenty-nine short talks on different aspects of the theme “high-level wellness for man and society”. Arlington, VA: Beatty.
Falkenström, F. (2010). Studying mindfulness in experienced meditators: A quasi-experimental approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(3), 305-310.
Fidan, M. & Usta, F. (2013). İyilik hali ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun güvenirlik ve geçerliğinin incelenmesi [The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the flourishing scale]. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 2(3), 265-269.
Finucane, A. & Mercer, S. W. (2006). An exploratory mixed methods study of the acceptability and effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for patients with active depression and anxiety in primary care. B.M.C psychiatry, 6(1), 14.
Flugel–Colle, K. F., Vincent, A., Cha, S. S., Loehrer, L. L., Bauer, B. A., & Wahner-Roedler, D. L. (2010). Measurement of quality of life and participant experience with the mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 16(1), 36-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.06.008.
Fordyce, M. W. (1988). A review of research on the happiness measures: A sixty second index of happiness and mental health. Social Indicators Research, 20(4), 355-381.
Fulton, P. R. (2005). Mindfulness as clinical training. In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.). Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 55-72). New York.
Furnham, A., Badmin, N., & Sneade, I. (2002). Body image dissatisfaction: Gender differences in eating attitudes, self-esteem, and reasons for exercise. The Journal of psychology, 136(6), 581-596.
Gander, M. J. & Gardiner, H., W. (1993). Çocuk ve ergen gelişimi[Child and adolescent development]. (Trans. Ali Dönmez, Nilgün Çelen, Bekir Onur.) İmge Kitabevi, Ankara.
Germer, C. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion: Freeing yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Germer, C. (2004). What is mindfulness. Insight Journal, 22, 24-29.
Germer, C.K., Siegel, R.D., & Fulton, P.R. (Eds.) (2005). Mindfulness in psychotherapy. New York: Guildford Press.
Gilbert, C. G. (2005). Unbundling the structure of inertia: Resource versus routine rigidity. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 741-763.
Gilbert, P., & Tirch, D. (2009). Emotional memory, mindfulness and compassion. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 99–110). New York: Springer.
Gürgân, U. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yılmazlık ve iyilik halinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi [The investigation of the resilience and wellness of university students according to some variables]. Education Sciences, 9(1), 19-35.
Hacıoğlu, M. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin beden imgesi hoşnutluğu ve iletişim becerilerinin incelenmesi [The determination of body image and communication skills of university students]. Gaziantep University Journal of Sport Sciences, 2(2), 1-16.
Halama, P. & Dědovă, M. (2007). Meaning in life and hope as predictors of positive mental health: Do they explain residual variance not predicted by personality traits? Studia Psychologica, 49 (3), 191 - 200.
Harter, S. (1990). Causes, correlates, and the functional role of global self-worth: A life-span perspective. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Kolligian, Jr. (Eds.), Competence considered (pp. 67-97). New Haven, CT, US: Yale University Press.
Haspolat, N. K. & Kağan, M. (2017). Sosyal fobinin yordayıcıları olarak beden imajı ve benlik saygısı [Body Image and Self-Esteem as Predictor Variables of Social-Phobia]. Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty, 19(2), 139-152. DOI: 10.17556/erziefd.322327
Havighurst, R., J. (1972). Developmental tasks and education (3rd ed). Longman, New York; London
Hayes, A. M. & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 255-262.
Ho, J. Y. & Dempsey, M. (2010). Viral marketing: Motivations to forward online content. Journal of Business Research, 63(9-10), 1000-1006.
Howell, A. J., Digdon, N. L., Buro, K., & Sheptycki, A. R. (2008). Relations among mindfulness, well-being, and sleep. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(8), 773-777.
Ivey, A.E., Ivey, M.B., & Zalaquett, C.P. (2014). Intentional interviewing and counseling: Facilitating client development in a multicultural society (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Johnson, C. & Larson, R. (1982). Bulimia: An analysis of moods and behavior. Psychosomatic Medicine, 44(4), 341-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-198209000-00003.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2012). Mindfulness for beginners: Reclaiming the present moment—and your life. Sounds True. Baulder, CO.
Kabat‐Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness‐based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2000). Indra's net at work: The mainstreaming of Dharma practice in society. In G. Watson, S. Batchelor, & G. Claxton (Eds.), The psychology of awakening: Buddhism, science, and our day-to-day lives (pp. 225-249). York Beach, ME, US: Samuel Weiser.
Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007.
Kim, J. (2001). Mental causation and consciousness: The two mind-body problems for the physicalist’ in: physicalism and its discontents. In C. Gillett and B. Loewer (Eds). Cambridge University Press.
Koç, M. (2004). Gelişim psikolojisi açısından ergenlik dönemi ve genel özellikleri [Developmental psychology in terms of adolescence and general characteristics]. Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 17 (2), 231-256.
Liehr, P. & Diaz, N. (2010). A pilot study examining the effect of mindfulness on depression and anxiety for minority children. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 24, 69-71.
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Lucas, R. E. & Diener, E. (2000). Personality and subjective well-being across the life span. In V. J. Molfese & D. L. Molfese (Eds.), Temperament and personality development across the life span (pp. 211-234). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Lykins, E. L., & Baer, R. A. (2009). Psychological functioning in a sample of long-term practitioners of mindfulness meditation. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 226-241.
Mayer, E. A. (2000). Psychological stress and colitis. Gut, 46(5), 595-596.
Mayer, J. D. (2000). Spiritual intelligence or spiritual consciousness. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10, 47–56.
McCabe, M. & Ricciardelli, L. (2001). Parent, peer and media influences on body image and strategies to both increase and decrease body size among adolescent boys and girls. Adolescence, 36(142), 225-240.
Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G, & Turk, C. L. (2005) Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1281-1310.
Miller, G., & Foster, L. T. (2010). Critical synthesis of wellness literature. Faculty of Human and Social Development, University of Victoria, Victoria. Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2018. http://geog.uvic.ca/wellness/Critical_Synthesis %20of%20 Wellness%20Update.pdf.
Myers, D. G. (1992). The pursuit of happiness: What makes a person happy-and Why. New York: William Morrow & Company.
Myers, J. E. & Mobley, A. K. (2004). Wellness of undergraduates: Comparisons of traditional and nontraditional students. Journal of College Counseling, 7(1), 40-49.
Myers, J. E., Sweeney, T. J., & Witmer, J. M. (2000). The wheel of wellness counseling for wellness: A holistic model for treatment planning. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(3), 251-266.
Myers, J. E. & Degges-White, S. E. (2007). Aging well in an upscale retirement community: The relationships among perceived stress, mattering, and wellness. Adultspan Journal, 6(2), 96-110.
Napoli, M., Krech, P. R., & Holley, L. C. (2005). Mindfulness training for elementary school students: The attention academy. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 21(1), 99-125.
Newell, R. & Marks, I. (2000). Phobic nature of social difficulty in facially disfigured people. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176(2), 177-181.
Ng, S.K., Barron, D. & Swami, V. (2015). Factor structure and psychometric properties of Body Appreciation Scale among adults in Hong Kong. Body Image, 13, 1-8.
Nyanaponika, T. (1972). The power of mindfulness. San Francisco, CA: Unity Press.
Oğuz-Duran, N. (2006). Wellness among Turkish university students: Investigating the construct and testing the effectives of an art enriched wellness program. Unpublished Master Thesis. Middle East Technical University, Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
Oleckno, W. A., & Blacconiere, M. J. (1990). A multiple discriminant analysis of smoking status and healthrelated attitudes and behaviors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6(6), 323-329.
Özen, Y. (2010). Kişisel sorumluluk bağlamında öznel ve psikolojik iyi oluş (Sosyal psikolojik bir değerlendirme) [Subjective and psychological well-being in the context of personal responsibility (Social psychological evaluation)]. Dicle University Institute of Social Sciences Electronic Journal (2),46-58.
Özyeşil, Z. (2011). Öz anlayış ve bilinçli farkındalık [Self-awareness and conscious awareness]. Maya Akademi: İstanbul.
Özyeşil, Z., Arslan, C., Kesici, Ş., & Deniz, M. E. (2011). Bilinçli farkındalık ölçeğini Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması [Adaptation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale into Turkish]. Education and Science, 36(160).
Pateman, C. (2004). Democratizing citizenship: Some advantages of a basic income. Politics & Society, 32(1), 89-105.
Pechriggl, A. & Postl, T. B. G. (2005). Body and gender within the stratifications of the social imaginary. Hypatia, 20(2), 102-118.
Rinderknetch, K., & Smith, C. (2002). Body‐image perceptions among urban native American youth. Obesity Research, 10(5), 315-327.
Roemer, L., Lee, J. K., Salters-Pedneault, K., Erisman, S. M., Orsillo, S. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2009). Mindfulness and emotion regulation difficulties in generalized anxiety disorder: Preliminary evidence for independent and overlapping contributions. Behavior Therapy, 40, 142-154.
Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
Schonert-Reichl, K. A. & Lawlor, M. S. (2010). The effects of a mindfulness-based education program on preand early adolescents’ well-being and social and emotional competence. Mindfulness, 1(3), 137-151.
Schutte, N. S. & Malouff, J. M. (2011). Emotional intelligence mediates the relationship between mindfulness and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 1116-1119.
Sears, S. & Kraus, S. (2009). I think therefore I am: Cognitive distortions and coping style as mediators for the effects of mindfulness meditation on anxiety, positive and negative affect, and hope. Journal of clinical psychology, 65(6), 561-573.
Semple, R. J., Lee, J., Rosa, D., & Miller, L. F. (2010). A randomized trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children: Promoting mindful attention to enhance social-emotional resiliency in children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(2), 218-229.
Siegel, R. D., Germer, C. K., & Olendzki, A. (2009). Mindfulness: What is it? Where did it come from? In Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 17-35). Springer, New York, NY.
Sinclair, S. L. & Myers, J. E. (2004). The relationship between objectified body consciousness and wellness in a group of college women. Journal of College Counseling, 7(2), 150-161.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Ridgeway, V. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 615- 623.
Tiggemann, M. & McGill, B. (2004). The role of social comparison in the effect of magazine advertisements on women's mood and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 23-44.
Vøllestad, J., Sivertsen, B., & Nielsen, G. H. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for patients with anxiety disorders: Evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. Behavior Research and Therapy, 49(4), 281- 288.
Wall, R. B. (2005). Tai chi and mindfulness-based stress reduction in a Boston public middle school. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 19(4), 230-237.
Wagstaff, C.A. (1997). Wellness and adolescents: The effects of a school based intervention. Unpublished Master Thesis, McGill University Montreal, Quebec.
Wang, Y. & Kong, F. (2014). The role of emotional intelligence in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and mental distress. Social Indicators Research, 116(3), 843-852.
Weinstein, N., Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 374-385.
Westgate, C. E. (1996). Spiritual wellness and depression. Journal of Counseling & Development, 75(1), 26-35.
Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Mindfulness, depression and modes of mind. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(6), 721-733.
Yıkılmaz, M. & Demir-Güdül, M. D. (2015). Üniversite öğrencilerinde yaşam doyumu, yaşamda anlam ve bilinçli farkındalık arasındaki ilişkiler [Relationships Between Meaning in Life Mindfulness, Perceived Socioeconomic Level and Life Satisfaction Among University Students]. Journal of Ege Education, 16(2), 297-315.
Zvolensky, M. J., Solomon, S. E., McLeish, A. C., Cassidy, D., Bernstein, A., Bowman, C. J., & Yartz, A. R. (2006). Incremental validity of mindfulness‐based attention in relation to the concurrent prediction of anxiety and depressive symptomatology and perceptions of health. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 35(3), 148-158.