___

• Agarwal N, Kamra DN, Chaudhary LC, Agarwal I, Sahoo A, Pathak NN, (2002). Microbial status and rumen enzyme profile of crossbred calves fed on different microbial feed additives. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 34(5): 329–336.
• Azevedo RA, Machado FS, Campos MM, Lopes DRG, Costa SF, Mantovani HC, Lopes FCF, Marcondes MI, Pereira LGR, Tomich TR, Coelho SG, (2016). The effects of increasing amounts of milk replacer powder added to whole milk on passage rate, nutrient digestibility, ruminal development, and body composition in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 99(11): 8746–8758.
• Bach A, (2007). Raising replacement calves: nutrition, management and objectives. In: Andrieu S, gaining the edge in ruminant production. Nutritional strategies for optimal productivity and efficiency. The Netherlands; Wageningen Academic Publishers.
• Baldwin RL, (1998). The proliferative actions of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, epidermal growth factor, butyrate and propionate on ruminal epithelial cells in vitro. Small Rum. Res, 32: 261-268.
• Baldwin RL, McLeod KR, Klotz JL, Heitmann RN, (2004). Rumen development, ıntestinal growth and hepatic metabolism in the pre- and postweaning ruminant. J. Dairy Sci. 87:(E. Suppl.): E55–E65.
• Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, Morrill JL, Kennedy GA, Klemm RD. (1998). Effects of form of the diet on anatomical, microbial, and fermentative development of the rumen of neonatal calves. J. Dairy Sci. 81(7): 1946-1955.
• Blattler U, Hammon HM, Morel C, Philipona C, Rauprich A, Rome V, Huerou-Luron I, Guilloteau P, Blum JW, (2001). Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the ıntestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. J. Nutr. 131(4): 1256–1263.
• Davis CL, Drackley JK (1998): The Development, Nutrition and Management of the Young Calf. Iowa State Univesşty Oress, Ames, Iowa.
• Diao Q, Zhang R, Fu T, (2019). Review of strategies to promote rumen development in calves. Animals 9(8): 490; doi:10.3390/ani9080490.
• Drackley JK, (2008). Calf nutrition from birth to breeding. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 24(1): 55-86.
• Gehamn AM, Heinrichs AJ, Long MR, Lesmeister KE, (2003). The effect of amylase on rumen development in neonatal dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 86(Suppl. 1): 342.
• Gibson GR, Roberfriod MB, (1995). Handbook of Prebiotics, CRC Press, 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK.
• Gilliland SE, Morelli L, Reid G, (2001). Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. In Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powdered Milk. Cordoba, Argentina.
• Gorka P, Kowalski ZM, Pietrzak P, Kotunia A, Kiljanczyk R, Flaga J, Holst JJ, Guilloteau P, Zabielski R, (2009). Effect of sodium butyrate supplementation in milk replacer and starter diet on rumen development in calves. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 60(3): 47-53.
• Gorka P, Kowalski ZM, Pietrzak P, Kotunia A, Jagusiak Ş, Zabielski R, (2011). Is rumen development in newborn calves affected by different liquid feeds and small intestine development. J. Dairy Sci, 94(6): 3002–3013.
• Govil K, Yadav DS, Patil AK, Nayak S, Baghel RPS, Yadav PK, Malapure CD, Thakur D, (2017). Feeding management for early rumen development in calves. J Entom. Zoology Stud. 5(3): 1132-1139.
• Greenwood RH, Morrill JL, Titgemeyer EC, Kennedy GA, (1997). A new method of measuring diet abrasion and its effect on the development of the forestomach. J. Dairy Sci. 80(10): 2534-2541.
• Gümüş E, Küçükersan S, (2018). Buzağılarda preruminant dönem beslenmesinin rumen gelişimi üzerine etkisi. Atatürk Üniv. Vet. Bil. Derg. 13(1): 98-105.
• Heinrichs AJ, Jones CM, (2002). Feeding the newborn daily calf. Pennsylvania University, College of Agricultural Sciences, Research and Cooperative Extention, CAT UD013, The Pennsylvania State University, 112 Agricultural Administration Building, Universty Park, PA 16802.
• Heinrichs J, (2005). Rumen development in the diary calf. Adv. Dairy Technol. 17: 179-187.
• Heinrichs AJ, Kehoe SI, Gehman AM, Jones CM, Tricarico JM, 2007. Effects of amylase on rumen development in neonatal dairy calves. Prof. Anim. Sci. 23(1): 64-69.
• Imani M, Mirzaei M, Baghbanzadeh-Nobari B, Ghaffari MH, (2017). Effects of forage provision to dairy calves on growth performance and rumen fermentation: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. J. Dairy Sci. 100(2): 1136-1150.
• Kato S, Sato K, Chida H, Roh S, Ohwada S, Sato S, Guilloteau P, Katoh K, (2011). Effects of Na-butyrate supplementation in milk formula on plasma concentrations of GH and insulin, and on rumen papilla development in calves. J. Endocrinol. 211(3): 241–248.
• Kertz AF, Hill TM, Quigley JD, Heinrichs AJ, Linn JG, Drackley JK, (2017). A 100 Year Review: Calf nutrition and management. J. Dairy Sci. 100(12): 10151-10172.
• Khan MA, Lee HJ, Lee WS, Kim HS, Kim SB, Ki KS, Park SJ, Ha JK, Choi YJ, (2007). Starch source evaluation in calf starter: I. Feed consumption, body weight gain, structural growth, and blood metabolites in Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 90(11): 5259–5268.
• Khan MA, Lee HJ, Lee WS, Kim HS, Kim SB, Park SB, Ha JK, Choi YJ, (2008). Starch source evaluation in calf starter: II. Ruminal parameters, rumen development, nutrient digestibilities, and nitrogen utilization in holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 91(3): 1140–1149.
• Lesmeister KE, Heinrichs AJ, (2004). Effects of corn processing on growth characteristics, rumen development, and rumen parameters in neonatal dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 87(10): 3439–3450.
• Lesmeister KE, Tozer PR, Heinrichs AJ, (2004a). Development and analysis of a rumen tissue sampling procedure. J. Dairy Sci. 87(5): 1336–1344.
• Lesmeister KE, Heinrichs AJ, Gabler MT, (2004b). Effects of supplemental yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture on rumen development, growth characteristics and blood parameters in neonatal dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 87(6): 1832-1839.
• Liu T, Chen H, Bai Y, Wu J, Cheng S, He B, Casper DP, (2020). Calf starter containing a blend of essential oils and prebiotics affects the growth performance of Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 103(3): https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16647.
• Lukas F, Koppova I, Kudrna V, Kopecny J, (2007). Postnatal development of bacterial population in the gastrointestinal track of calves. Folia Microbiol, 52: 99-107.
• Malik R, Bandla S, (2010). Effect of source and dose of probiotics and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) on intake, feed efficiency, and growth of male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 42: 1263-1269.
• Mentschel J, Leiser R, Mulling C, Pfarrer C, Claus R, (2001). Butyric acid stimulates rumen mucosa development in the calf mainly by a reduction of apoptosis. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 55(2): 85-102.
• Mirzaei M, Khorvash M, Ghorbani GR, Kazemi‐Bonchenari M, Riasi A, Nabipour A, Borne JJGC, (2015). Effects of supplementation level and particle size of alfalfa hay on growth characteristics and rumen development in dairy calves. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 99: 553-564.
• Muya MC, Nherera FV, Miller KA, Aperce CC, Moshidi PM, Erasmus LJ, (2015). Effect of Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125 dosing on rumen development, volatile fatty acid production and blood β-hydroxybutyrate in neonatal dairy calves. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 99(5): 913–918.
• National Research Council (NRC), (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th ed. Washington, DC; National Academy Press.
• Orskov ER, Benzie D, Kay RNB, (1970). The effects of feeding procedure on closure of the oesophageal groove in young sheep. Br. J. Nutr. 24(3): 785-795.
• Santos FHR, De Paula MR, Lezier D, Silva JT, Santos G, Bittar CMM, (2015). Essential oils for dairy calves: Effects on performance, scours, rumen fermentation and intestinal fauna. Animal, page 1 of 8 © The Animal Consortium 2015, doi:10.1017/S175173111500018X.
• Sarıpınar D, Sulu N, (2005). Ruminantlarda probiyotiklerin kullanımı ve rumene etkileri. Kafkas Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 11(1): 93-98.
• Serbester U, Yılmaz E, Hayırlı A, (2018). Buzağılarda besleme ve büyüme ilişkisi. Türkiye Klinikleri J Anim Nutr. Nutr Dis-Special Topics 4(1): 33-51.
• Sosin-Bzducha E, Strzetelski J, Borowiec F, Kowalczyk J, Okon K, (2010). Effect of feeding ensiled maize grain on rumen development and calf rearing performance. J. Anim. Feed. Sci. 19(2): 195–210.
• Suarez-Mena FX, Heinrichs AJ, Jones CM, Hill TM, Quigley JD, (2015). Digestive development in neonatal dairy calves with either whole or ground oats in the calf starter. J. Dairy Sci. 98(5): 3417-3431.
• Suarez BJ, Van Reenen CG, Stockhofe N, Dijkstra J, Gerrits J, (2007). Effect of roughage source and roughage to concentrate ratio on animal performance and rumen development in veal calves. J. Dairy Sci, 90(5): 2390-2403.
• Suarez-Mena FX, Heinrichs AJ, Jones CM, Hill TM, Quigley JD, (2016). Straw particle size in calf starters: Effects on digestive system development and rumen fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 99(1): 341–353.
• Taghizadeh A, Nobari BB, (2012). Application of exogenous feed enzyme technology in ruminant nutrition. Adv. Anim. Nutr. ISBN: 978-81-7895-566-7 Editor: Akbar Taghizadeh. Transworld Research Network 37/661 (2), Fort P.O. Trivandrum-695 023 Chicago, IL. USA.
• Tamate H, McGilliard AD, Jacobson NL, Getty R, (1962). Effect of various dietaries on the anatomical development of the stomach in the calf. J. Dairy Sci. 45(3): 408–420.
• Wang B, Yang CT, Diao QY, Tu Y. (2018). The influence of mulberry leaf flavonoids and Candida tropicalis on antioxidant function and gastrointestinal development of preweaning calves challenged with Escherichia coli O141:K99. J. Dairy Sci. 101(7): 6098–6108.
• Yohe TT, O’Diam KM, Daniels KM, (2015). Growth, ruminal measurements, and health characteristics of Holstein bull calves fed an Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract. J. Dairy Sci. 98(9): 6163–6175.
• Zitnan R, Voigt J, Schonhusen U, Wegner J, Kokardova M, Hagemeister H, Levkut M, Kuhla S, Sommer A. (1998). Influence of dietary concentate to foerage ratio on the development of rumen mucosa in calves. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 51(4): 279-291.