ISPANAK ISLAHI VE ISPANAK ISLAHINDA YENİ YAKLAŞIMLAR

Ispanak (Spinacia oleracea L., 2n=2x=12), Amaranthaceae familyasına ait, yüksek besin ve mineral içeriği nedeniyle sağlıklı beslenmede önemli sebze türlerinden biridir. Ekim alanlarını daha fazla genişletmenin mümkün olmadığı günümüzde, artan nüfusun besin ihtiyacını karşılamanın en etkili yolu, birim alan verimini artırmaktır. Ispanakta verimdeki artış ancak hastalık ve zararlılara dayanıklı, stabilitesi yüksek ve her yörenin kendi ekolojik koşullarına uygun çeşitlerin geliştirilmesi ile sağlanabilir. Dünyada ıspanak yetiştiriciliğinin yapıldığı değişik ülkelerde, yaklaşık 200 yıldan beri ıspanak mildiyösü en tahripkâr ve ekonomik açıdan en önemli hastalık olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Hastalık doğrudan kayıplar yanında ürün kalitesini de düşürmektedir. Özellikle son 25 yılda patojenin ırk sayısının hızla artması mevcut çeşitlerin yerine yeni ırklara dayanıklı yeni çeşitlerin geliştirilmesi zorunluluğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu nedenle gelişmiş ülkelerde son yıllarda patojenin genetik varyasyonu ve yeni ıspanak çeşitlerinin geliştirilmesi üzerinde araştırmalar yoğunlaşmıştır. Türkiye’de önemi bilinmesine karşın bugüne kadar hastalığın yayılış ve şiddeti ile ilgili herhangi bir araştırmaya rastlanmamış olduğu gibi hastalık etmeninin ülkede bulunan ırkları hakkında da herhangi bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Uzun yıllar süren seleksiyonlarla genlerin belirli yönde seçilmesi genetik varyasyonu daraltmış ve istenen özellikleri taşıyan çeşitlerin klasik bitki ıslahıyla geliştirilmesini zorlaştırmıştır. Markör destekli seleksiyon (MAS) klasik bitki ıslahında karşılaşılan sorunları çözmek için kullanılan alternatif ve yardımcı bir tekniktir. Markör destekli seleksiyon agronomik olarak önemli ve birden fazla gen veya lokus tarafından kontrol edilen karakterlerin hızlı bir şekilde aktarılmasına olanak sağlamaktadır. Markör destekli seleksiyon tek başına klasik ıslahın yerine kullanılamamakla birlikte, klasik ıslahın başarısını arttıran tamamlayıcı ve destekleyici teknikler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu derleme, ıspanakta kullanılan klasik ve moleküler temelli ıslah yöntemleri ve ıspanak ıslahındaki güncel hedefler sunmaktadır.

SPINACH BREEDING AND NEW APPROACHES IN SPINACH BREEDING

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L., 2n=2x=12) is a plant belonging to the Amaranthaceae family. Spinach is an important vegetable species in healthy diet because of its high nutritional and mineral content. Nowadays, it is not possible to expand the cultivation areas further therefore, the most effective way to meet the nutritional needs of the growing population is to increase the yield per unit area. Yield increase in spinach can only be achieved by developing varieties that are resistant to diseases and pests and which are suitable for each region’s own ecological conditions. Spinach mildew has been described as the most destructive and economically most important disease for nearly 200 years in different countries where spinach is cultivated in the world. The disease, decrease product quality as well as direct losses. New races of this pathogen have been emerging at a rapid rate over the last 25 years. Therefore, in recent years, research has focused on the genetic variation of the pathogen and the development of new spinach varieties in developed countries. The selection of genes in certain directions through long years of selection narrowed the genetic variation. Therefore, varieties with the desired characteristics have become difficult to develop with classical plant breeding. Marker assisted selection (MAS) is an alternative and ancillary technique used to solve problems encountered in classical plant breeding. Marker assisted selection allows for the rapid transmission of agronomically important characters controlled by multiple genes or loci. Marker assisted selection alone cannot be used in place of classical plant breeding. MAS is considered to be complementary and supportive techniques that increase the success of classical breeding. This review presents classical and molecular based breeding methods used in spinach and current objectives in spinach breeding.

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