Bursa ve çevresinde kullanılan esrar, eroin ve ekstazi tabletlerinin etkin madde miktarları ve katkı maddelerinin belirlenmesi

Amaç: Güvenlik güçleri tarafından, Bursa ve çevresinde ele geçirilen 21 esrar, 55 eroin ve 65 adet ekstazi numunelerinde bulunan etkin madde miktarlarının belirlenmesi, uyuşturucu maddelerden eroin ve ekstazi tabletlerinin üretimi sırasında hangi katkı maddelerinin katıldığının tespit edilmesi, bu uyuşturucu maddelerin içindeki etkin madde miktarının ve katkı maddelerinin kullanıcıların sağlığı açısından oluşturabileceği risklerin irdelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Numunelerin analizleri Gaz Kromatografisi / Kütle Spektroskopisi (GC/MS) ve infrared Spektrofotometresi (FTIR) ile yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Tespit edilen ortalama miktarlar; esrar nu¬munelerinde tetrahidrokannabinol (THC) için %2.67, eroin numunelerinde diasetilmorfin için %41.51 ve eksatazi numunelerinde 3,4-Metilendioksimetamfetamin (MDMA) için %35.10'tir. Eroin numunelerinde griseofulvin, kafein, parasetamol türevleri; ekstazi numunelerinde deksamfetamin, N-formilamfetamin, amfetamin, metamfetamin, kafein, teofilin, kinin, yohimbin, methakualon, barbital, fenobarbital, bromazepam, pirasetam, sinnarizin, trihexyphenidyl ve va-nilin, laktoz, dekstroz, sorbitol, sukroz, kalsiyum fosfat, sod¬yum tiyosülfat ve talk saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Eroin ve ekstazi numunelerinin etkin madde miktarlarının büyük oranda değişkenlik gösterdiği; esrar ör¬neklerindeki THC düzeylerinin normal değerlerde olduğu saptanmıştır. Kullanıcıların sağlığı açısından, eroin ve ekstazi numunelerinin etkin madde miktarları ve içerdikleri bazı katkı maddelerinin ciddi bir risk oluşturabileceği, esrar örneklerinin ise yüksek miktarlarda ve alkol ile birlikte alındığında ciddi bir risk oluşturabileceği kanısına varılmıştır.

Purity and composition of cannabis, heroin and ecstasy samples used in Bursa region

Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the purity and composition of 21 cannabis, 55 heroin and 65 ecstasy samples seized by law enforcement agencies in Bursa region, and to discuss the probable risks of determi¬ned active substance levels and additives for humans using these drugs. Method: The samples were analysed by gas chroma-tography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and infrared spectro-metry (FTIR). Results: The mean concentrations of tetrahidrocanna-binol (THC) in cannabis, diacetylmorphine in heroin samples and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in ecs¬tasy tablets were found to be 2.67 %, 41.51 % and 35.10 %, respectively. Griseofulvin, caffeine, and paracetamol deriva-tes were found in heroin samples, while dexamphetamine, N-formilamphetamine, amphetamine, metamphetamine, caffeine, theophylline, quinine, yohimbine, methaqualone, barbital, phenobarbital, bromazepam, piracetam, cinnarizi-ne, artane, vanillin, lactose, dextrose, sorbitol, sucrose, cal¬cium phosphate, sodium thiosulfate and face powder were found in ecstasy samples. Conclusion: The purity of heroin and ecstasy samples were highly variable. THC levels in cannabis samples were within normal limits. THC amounts in cannabis may be a se¬rious risk for user health only when cannabis is used in high amounts and with alcohol, whereas the active substance le¬vels and some additives in heroin and ecstasy could be a direct serious risk factor for user health.

___

  • 1- Smyth BP, O'Brien M. Research report: Children attending addiction treatment services in Dublin, 1990-1999. Europ Addict Res 2004;1:68- 74.
  • 2- Saferstein R. Criminalistics, an Introduction to Forensic Science. 7th Edn, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 2001:228-255.
  • 3- Evren C, Tamar D, Ogel K, Corapcioglu A, Çakmak D: Damar yolu ile eroin kullanımı ve ilişkili bazı davranış biçimleri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 2OOO;3:185-191.
  • 4- Ögel K, Tamar D, Evren C, Çakmak D: İstanbul'da lise öğrencileri arasinda sigara, alkol ve madde kullanim yayginligi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 2000,3:242-245.
  • 5- Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü (EGM). Kaçakçılık ve Organize Suçlarla Mücadele Daire Başkanlığı, 2003, 2002-2003 Yıllık Rapor.
  • 6- Ögel K, Çorapçıoğlu A, Tot S, ve arkTürkiye'de ortaöğretim gençliği arasında ekstazi kullanımı. Bağımlılık Dergisi 2003;4:67-71.
  • 7- Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü (EGM). Kaçakçılık ve Organize Suçlarla Mücadele Daire Başkanlığı, 2002, 2001-2002 Yıllık Rapor.
  • 8- Spruit IP. Monitoring synthetic drug markets, trends, and public health. Subst Use Misuse 2001;36(1-2):23-47.
  • 9- Maher L, Swift W, Dawson M: Heroin purity and composition in Sydney, Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2001 ;20:439-448.
  • 10- Wendel T, Rothchild R, Curtis R, et al. Heroin cut with morphine? An ethnographic-forensic chemistry case study. Addict Res Theory 2003;5:349-366.
  • 11- Şahin Y. İdrar içerisindeki suistimal edilen maddelerden eroin, esrar ve kokainin izolasyon ve GC/MS tekniği ile tanımlanması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1996.
  • 12- Kayaalp O.Tıbbi Farmakoloji, Ankara: Hacettepe- Taş Kitapçılık, 2000:1004-1024.
  • 13- RamaekersJG, BerghausG, Laarvan M, Drummer OH. Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004;73:109-119.
  • 14- Bates MN, Blakey TA: Role of cannabis in motor vehicle crashes. Epidemiol Rev 1999;21: 222- 232.
  • 15- Drummer OH, Gerostamoulos J, Batziris H, et al. The incidence of drugs in drivers killed in Australian road traffic crashes. Forensic Sci Int 2003;8:154-162.
  • 16- Hser Y, Hoffman V, Grella CE, Anglin MD. A 33-year follow-up of narcotic addicts. Arc Gen Psychiatry 2001 ,-58:503-508.
  • 17- Quaglio G, Talamini G, Lechi A, et al. Study of 2708 heroin-related deaths in north-eastern Italy 1985-1998 to establish main causes of death. Addiction 2001,-96:1127-1137.
  • 18- Darke S, Hall W, Weatherburn D, Lind B. Fluctiations in heroin purity and the incidence of fatal heroin overdose. Drug Alcohol Depend 1999,54:154-161.
  • 19- Risser D, Honigschnabl S, Stichenwirth M, et al. Drug-related emergencies and drug-related deaths in Vienna, 1195-1997. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001,-61:307-313.
  • 20- Coomber R. How often does the adulteration/ dilution of heroin actually occur? An analysis of 228 "street" heroin samples across the UK(1995-1996) and discussion of monitoring policy. Int J Drug Policy 1997; 8:178-186.
  • 21- Man LH, Best D, Gossop M, et al. Relationship between prescribing and riskof opiate overdose among drug users in and out of maintanance treatment. Eur Addict Res 2004;10:35-40. .
  • 22- Schifano F, Di Furia L, Forza G, et al. MDMA ("ecstasy") comsuption in the context of poly-drug abuse: a report on 150 patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998;52: 85-90.
  • 23- Baggott M, Heifets B, Jones RT, et al. Chemk analysis of Ecstasy pills. JAMA 2000;284:21Ç 2191.
  • 24- ColeCJ, Bailey M, Sumnall HR, et al.The conte of ecstasy tablets: implications for the study their long-term effects. Addiction 2002;97:153 1536.
  • 25- Spruit IP. Ecstasy use and policy responses the Netherlands. J Drug Issues 1999,29:65 678.
  • 26- Cole JC, Sumnall HR. Altered states: the clinic effects of ecstasy. Pharmacol Ther 2003,98:3 58.
  • 27- Schmued LC. Demonstration of neuror degeneration in the rat forebrain followii a single exposure to MDMA. Brain R 2003;974:127-133.
  • 28- Greene SL, Dargan PI, O'Connor N, et al. Multip toxicity from 3,4-metilendioksimetamfetamii ("Ecstasy"). Am J Emerg Med 2003,21:12M2'
  • 29- Schifano F, Oyefeso A, Corkery J, et al. Dea rates from ecstasy (MDMA, MDA) and polydn use in England and Wales 1996-2002. Hu Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 2003,18:519-524.
  • 30- Kaa E, Bent K. Imprities, adulterants ai diluents illicit heroin in Denmark. Forensic * Int 1986;77: 347-348.
  • 31- Coomber R. The adulteration of illicit drui with dangerous substances the discovery of "myth". Contemp Drug Probl 1997; 24:239-27
  • 32- Furst RT. The re-engineering of heroin: İ emerging heroin "cutting" trend in New Yo City. Addict Res 2000;8: 357-379.
  • 33- Moffat AC, Osselton MD, Widdop B. Clarke analysis of drugs and poisons, Londo Pharmaceutical Pres, 2004, 37-53.
  • 34- Chemical Analysis Catalog (GC-MS). Chemic analysis consumables and accessories, Hewk Packard, 1998-1999, 1999, California, US Waldbronn, Germany.
  • 35- Instruction Manuel FTIR-8400/8900, Commar Reference, 1998, Kyoto, Japan.
  • 36- Topp L, Day C, Degenhardt L Changes patterns of drug injection concurrent with sustained reduction in the availability of hero in Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003,70:27 286.
  • 37- Darke S, Hall W. Heroin overdose: Research ar evidence-based intervention. J Urban Heal 2003;80:189-200.
  • 38- Stewart D, Gossop M, Marsden J. Reductions non-fatal overdose after drug misuse treatmer results from the National Treatment Outcon Research Study (NTORS). J Subs Abuse Tre■2002; 22: 1-9.
  • 39- Seymour A, Oliver JS, Black M. Drug-related deaths among recently released prisoners in the Strathclyde rigion of Scotland. J Forensic Sci 2000;45:649-654. 41 42 43
  • 40- Neale J. Suicidal intent in non-fatal illicit drug overdose. Addiction 2000;95:85-93.
  • 41- Fundaro C, Martino AM, Chiarotti M, et al. Cannabis acute intoxication. Rivista Italiana Di Pediatria/ltalian J Ped 1995;21(3):309-311.
  • 42-Nerkis S. Bursa ve Çevresinde Kullanılan uyuşturucu maddelerden Eroin, Esrar ve Ekstazi Tabletlerinin Etkin Madde Miktarlarının Belirlenmesi ve Biyolojik Materyalde Araştırılması. Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sağlik Bilimleri Enstitüsü (MSc thesis), 2004, Bursa.
  • 43-King LA. Drug content of powders and other illicit preparations in the UK. Forensic Sci Int 1997;85:135-147.
  • 44- Domestic Strategic Intelligence Unit. United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Drug trafficking in the United States,1996, Alexandria.
  • 45- Domestic Strategic Intelligence Unit. United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Drug trafficking in the United States, 2001, Alexandria.
  • 46- National Drug Intelligence Center. Heroin distribution in three cities, National Drug Intelligence Center, 2000a, Johnstown.
  • 47- National Drug Intelligence Center. Interagency domestic heroin threat assessment, National Drug Intelligence Center, 2000b, Johnstown.
  • 48- Darke S, Topp L, Kaye S, Hall W. Heroin use in New South Wales, Australia, 1996-2000: 5 year monitoring of trends in price, purity, availability and use from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS). Addiction 2002,97:179-186.
  • 49- Hamilton RJ, PerroneJ, Hoffman RA. Descriptive study of an epidemic of poisoning caused by heroin adulterated with scopolamine. J Clin Toxicol 2000;38: 597-608.
  • 50- Kaa E. Impruties, adulterants and diluents of illicit heroin. Changes during a 12-year period. Forensic Sci Int 1994;64:171-179.
  • 51- Katzung BG. Temel ve Klinik Farmakoloji. Çeviren: Özüner Z, Istanbul: Bans Kitabevi, 1995:634-652.
  • 52- Warner-Smith M, Darke S. Lynskey M, Hall W. Heroin overdose: causes and consequences. Addiction 2001,-95:941-948.
  • 53- Garfield J, Drucker E. Fatal overdose trends in major US cities 1990-1997. Addict Res Theory 2001;9:425-436.
  • 54- Goldberger BA, Cone EJ, Grant TM, et al. Disposition of heroin and its metabolites in heroin related deaths. J Anal Toxicol 1994;18:22-28. S. Nerkis, H.Hüseyin Oruç
  • 55- Risser D, Uhl A, Stichenwirth M, et al. Quality of heroin and heroin-related deaths from 1987 to 1995 in Vienna, Austria. Addiction 2OOO;5:375- 382.
  • 56- Ochoa KC, Hahn JA, Seal KH, Moss AR. Overdosing among young injection drug users in San Francisco. Addict Behav 2001 ,-26:453- 460.
  • 57- Topp L, Breen C, Kaye S, Darke S. Adapting the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) to examine the feasibility of monitoring trends in the markets for party drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004,73:189-197.
  • 58- Kaa E. Street drugs in Denmark. J Forensic Sci 1991 ;36:866-879.
  • 59- Parrott AC. Is ecstasy MDMA? A review of the proportion of ecstasy tablets containing MDMA, their dosage levels and the changing perceptions of purity. Is ecstasy MDMA?. Psychopharmacology 2004,73:234-242.
  • 60- Moffat AC, Jackson JV, Moss MS, Widdop B. Clarke's isolation and identification of drugs, London: Pharmaceutical Press, 1986.
  • 61- Gökçe E. Ekstazi tabletlerinin ilişkilendirilmesi ve kaynaklarının belirlenmesi.Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2002.