Moringa Ağacı (Moringa oleifera Lam.): Biyolojik Özellikleri, Kültürü ve TıbbiFaydaları

Son yıllarda dünya nüfusunun artışı ile birlikte, insanların gıda ve sağlık ihtiyaçlarında da yükseliş ve değişiklik görülmektedir. Buna paralel olarak, toplumun bilinçlenmesi sonucu doğal ve sağlıklı ürünlerin tüketimine yönelik rağbet artmıştır. Uzun geçmişe sahip olan Moringa Ağacı [Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae)], tüm kısımlarında (kök, gövde, dal, kabuk, yaprak, çiçek, legümen ve tohum) içerdiği sekonder metabolitleri, besin değeri, tarımsal ve endüstriyel özellikleri nedeniyle ilgi çekerek geniş çapta kullanılmaktadır. Orta büyüklükte olan Moringa Ağacı, Güney Asya kökenlidir, ancak günümüzde sub-tropikal ve tropikal iklim koşullarına sahip ülkelerde de yayılmıştır. Ayrıca, bu ağacın orta derecede kuraklık ve hafif don olaylarına dayanıklılığı ile birlikte düşük bakım maliyeti de yayılışında etkili olmuştur. Moringa Ağacı proteinler, lipitler, karbonhidratlar, vitaminler, amino asitler ve iz mineraller gibi 90'dan fazla besin maddesi içerir. Moringa Ağacı içerdiği etken maddeleri sayesinde anti-oksidan, anti-enflamatuar, immünomodülatör, anti-kanser, hipoglisemik, hipolipidemik, hepato ve böbrek protektifi gibi aktivitelere sahiptir ve sağlık alanında birçok araştırmaya konu olmaktadır. Bu derlemede Moringa Ağacı'nın botanik, biyolojik, ekolojik, tarımsal, yetiştiricilik, besin değeri, tıbbi etkileri ve farklı kullanım alanları hakkında bilgi verilmesi hedeflenilmiştir. Sunulan bu bilgiler ışığında Moringa Ağacı gıda, sağlık ve diğer endüstrilerdeki ileri uygulamalar için bir temel oluşturabilir

Moringa Tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.): Biological Characteristics, Cultivation and Medicinal Benefits

Due to the enhance in the world's population in recent years, human food and health needs are increasing and changing inevitability. Concurrently, as a result of community awareness, the desire to consume natural and healthy products has increased. Moringa Tree [Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae)], which has an ancient history, is widely used in all parts (root, stem, branch, shell, leaf, flower, legume and seed) due to its secondary metabolites, nutritional values, agricultural and industrial properties. The medium-sized Moringa Tree is South Asian origin, but today it has also spread in countries with sub-tropical and tropical climatic conditions. Besides, low management costs, tolerance to moderate to severe drought stress and mild frost have spread the cultivation area of this plant. The various Moringa Tree parts contain more than 90 nutrients such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids and micro minerals. According to its bioactive ingredients, Moringa Tree has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepato- renal protective activities. In consequence, shedding light on the specifications of this plant has been the subject of numerous studies in the field of health. In this review, a comprehensive overview is provided on botanical, biological, ecological, cultivation, nutritional values, medicinal effects, and other Moringa Tree applications. The presented information can be used to further apply Moringa Tree in food, pharmaceutical, and other industries

___

  • Abdulkarim, S.M., Long, K., Lai, O.M., Muhammad, S.K.S. & Ghazali, H.M. (2005). Some physico-chemical properties of Moringa oleifera seed oil extracted using solvent and aqueous enzymatic methods. Food Chemistry 93 (2): 253-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.09.023
  • Abe, R. & Ohtani, K. (2013). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants and traditional therapies on Batan Island, the Philippines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 145 (2): 554-565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.029
  • Adam Abaker, W.E. (2010). Effect of irrigation interval on physiological and growth parameters of Moringa oleifera and Moringa peregrina seedlings. M.Sc. thesis. University of Khartoum, Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, Sudan. 56 P.
  • Adebayo, A.G., Akintoye, H.A., Olufolaji, A.O., Aina, O.O., Olatunji, M.T. & Shokalu, A.O. (2011). Assessment of organic amendments on vegetative development and nutrient uptake of Moringa oleifera Lam. in the nursery. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 10 (1): 74-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2011.74.79
  • Agoyi, E.E., Assogbadjo, A.E., Gouwakinnou, G., Okou, F.A.Y. & Sinsin, B. (2014). Ethnobotanical assessment of Moringa oleifera in the Southern Benin (West Africa). Ethnobotany Research and Applications 12: 551-560. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/era.12.0.551-560
  • Animashaun, J.O. & Toye, A.A. (2013). Feasibility analysis of leaf-based Moringa oleifera plantation in the Nigerian Guinea Savannah: Case study of University of Ilorin Moringa plantation. Agrosearch 13 (3): 218-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/agrosh.v13i3.5S
  • Anonymous, (2018). Fredalette. Moringa production: Production guidelines for the Miracle tree. http://www.moringanews.org/documents/moringawebEN.pdf
  • Anwar, F. & Bhanger, M.I. (2003). Analytical characterization of Moringa oleifera seeds, Part-I. The antibiotic compound and its deactivation in aqueous solution. Philippine Journal of Science 51: 6558-6563.
  • Anwar, F., Ashraf, M. & Iqbal Bhanger, M. (2005). Interprovenance variation in the composition of Moringa oleifera oilseeds from Pakistan. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 82 (1): 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-005-1041-1
  • Anwar, F., Asma, S., Shahid, I. & Rafique Asi, M.R. (2006). Stabilization of sunflower oil with Moringa oleifera leaves under ambient storage. Journal of Food Lipids 14 (1): 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-522.2006.00069.x
  • Anwar, F., Latif, S., Ashraf, M., & Gilani, A.H. (2007). Moringa oleifera: A food plant with multiple medicinal Uses. Phytotherapy Research 21 (1): 17-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2023
  • Aregheore, E. M. (2002). Intake and digestibility of Moringa oleifera-batiki grass mixtures by growing goats. Small Ruminant Research 46 (1): 23-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00178-5
  • Asadicorom, F., Mirzaie Nodoushan, H., Emam, M., Keneshloo, H. & Bakhshi Khaniki, G.R. (2009). Seed germinating and the differences between seedling characteristics of two Moringa species. Research and Construction 21: 139-145.
  • Asare, G.A., Gyanb, B., Bugyeic, K., Adjeib, S., Mahamaa, R., Addob, P., Otu-Nyarkoa, L., Wiredua, E.K. & Nyarko, A. (2012). Toxicity potentials of the nutraceutical Moringa oleifera at supra-supplementation levels. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139 (1): 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.009
  • Aysan, T. (2015). Moringa (Moringa oleifera)’nin kanatli ve ruminant hayvan beslemede kullanilmasi. Türk Tarım - Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 3 (6): 425-429. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i6.425-429.327
  • Becker, K. (1995). Studies on utilization of Moringa oleifera leaves as animal feed. Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, Vol. 480. University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 15 P.
  • Beltran-Heredia, J. & Sanchez-Martin, J. (2008). Heavy metals removal from surface water with Moringa oleifera seed extract as flocculant agent. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 17 (12A): 2134-2140.
  • Beltran-Heredia, J. & Sanchez-Martin, J. (2009). Removal of sodium lauryl sulphate by coagulation/flocculation with Moringa oleifera seed extract. Journal of Hazardous Materials 164 (2-3): 713-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.053
  • Bharali, R., Tabassum, J. & Azad, M.R.H. (2003). Chemomodulatory effect of Moringa oleifera, Lam, on hepatic carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, antioxidant parameters and skin papillomagenesis in mice. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 4 (2): 131-139.
  • Bhatia, S., Othman, Z. & Ahmad, A.L. (2006). Palm oil mill effluent pretreatment using Moringa oleifera seeds as an environmentally friendly coagulant: laboratory and pilot plant studies. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 81 (12): 1852-1858. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1619
  • Bhatnagar, S.S., Santapau, H., Desai, J.D.H., Yellore, S. & Rao, T.N.S. (1961). Biological activity of Indian medicinal plants. Part 1. Antibacterial, antitubercular and antifungal action. Indian Journal of Medical Research 49: 799- 805.
  • Bhattacharya, A. & Mandal, S. (2004). Pollination, pollen germination and stigma receptivity in Moringa oleifera Lamk. Grana 43 (1): 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2004.11877463
  • Bose, B. (1980). Enhancement of nodulation of Vigna mungo by ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves - A new report. National Academy Science Letters 3: 103-104.
  • Boucher, J., Steiner, L. & Marison, I.W. (2007). Bio-sorption of Atrazine in the press-cake from oilseeds. Water Research Journal 41 (15): 3209-3216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.038
  • Bridgemohan, P. & Knights, M. (2010). Nutrient Analysis of Moringa oliefera as a High Protein Supplement for Animals. Advances in Animal Biosciences 1 (2): 428-429. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S2040470010000543
  • Bridgemohan, P. (2010). The potential bio-energy crops in the renewable thrust for the Caribbean. In: Lugo, W.I. & Colon, W. Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society, "Protected Agriculture: A Technological Option for the Competitiveness of the Caribbean "Boca Chica, Dominican Republic. 11-17 July 2010. pp. 120-125.
  • Bridgemohan, P., Goordeen, A., Mohammed, M. & Bridgemohan, R.S.H. (2020). Review of the agro-ecology, phytochemistry, postharvest technology and utilization of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research 3 (2): 311-332. https://doi.org/10.22077/jhpr.2020.3037.1116
  • Bridgemohan, P., Mohamed, M., & Bridgemohan, R. S. H. (2016). In vitro analysis of the dissolution rate of canine uroliths using Moringa oliefera root extracts. African Journal of Food Science and Technology 5 (5): 125-128. https://doi.org/10.14303/ajfst.2014.041
  • Brilhante, R.S.N., Sales, JA. & Pereira, V.S. (2017). Research advances on the multiple uses of Moringa oleifera: A sustainable alternative for socially neglected population. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 10 (7): 621-630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.002
  • Brostlap, A.C. & Schuurmans, J. (1988). Kinetics of valine uptake in tobacco leaf disc. Comparison of wild types the digenic mutant and its monogenic derivatives. Planta 176: 42-50.
  • Burkill, J.H. (1966). A dictionary of economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2, Art Printing Works Publishers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2444 P.
  • Caceres, A. & Lopez, S. (1991). Pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera: effect of seed extracts in the treatment of experimental pyodermia. Fitoterapia 62: 449-450.
  • Chand, H., Singh, R. & Hameed, S.F. (1994). Studies on the flowering period, density of Indian Mustard and competing flora for Honey Bees in and around Pusa, Bihar (India). Journal of Entomological Research 18 (4): 361-367.
  • Chumark, P., Khunawat, P., Sanvarinda, Y., Phornchirasilp, S., Morales, N. P., Phivthong-Ngam, L., Ratanachamnong, P., Srisawat, S. & Pongrapeeporn, K.U. (2008). The in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant properties, hypolipidaemic and antiatherosclerotic activities of water extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116 (3): 439-446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.010
  • Compaoré, W.R., Nikièma, P.A., Bassolé, H.I.N., Savadogo, A., Mouecoucou, J., Hounhouigan, D.J. & Traoré, S.A. (2011). Chemical composition and antioxidative properties of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Pulps of Parkia
  • biglobosa and Adansonia digitata commonly used in food fortification in Burkina Faso. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 3 (1): 64-72.
  • Creighton, W. (2001). M. oleifera seed production in Tanzania: Development potential for Moringa products. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Optima of Africa Ltd). CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research). (1962). The Wealth of India. A dictionary of Indian raw materials and industrial products.Vol. VI, CSIR, New Delhi, India.
  • Csurhes, S., & Navie, S. (2016). Horseradish tree, Moringa oleifera. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland. https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/69262/IPA- Horseradish-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf. (erişim tarihi: 28.03.2021)
  • Dahot, M.U. (1988). Vitamin contents of flowers and seeds of Moringa oleifera. Pakistan Journal of Biochemistry 21 (1-2): 82922038.
  • Dania, S.O., Akpansubi, P. & Eghagara, O.O. (2014). Comparative Effects of different fertilizer sources on the growth and nutrient content of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) seedling in a greenhouse trial. Advances in Agriculture 726313. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/726313
  • Dayrit, F.M., Alcantara, A.D., & Villasenor, I.M. (1990). The antibiotic compound and its deactivation in aqueous solution. Philippine Journal of Science 119 (1): 23-26.
  • Facciola, S. (1998). Cornucopia II - A source book of edible plants. Kampong Pub. California, USA. 713 P.
  • Fahey, J.W. (2005). Moringa oleifera: a review of the medical evidence for its nutritional, therapeutic, and prophylactic properties. Part 1. Trees for life Journal 1 (5): 3113705. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039078.ch12.
  • Faizi, S., Siddiqui, B.S., Saleem, R., Aftab, K., Shaheen, F. & Gilani, A.H. (1998). Hypotensive constituents from the pods of Moringa oleifera. Planta Medica 64 (3): 225-228. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957414
  • Farm Africa, (2019). Trainer`s guide for production, harvest, post-harvest handling and value addition for Moringa in Tanzania. https://www.farmafrica.org/downloads/2020/advancing-youth-trainers-guide-for-moringa- value-chain-in-tanzaniav2.pdf
  • Ferrao, A.M.B. & Ferrao, J.K. (1970). Fatty acids of Moringa oil. Agronomia Angolana 8: 3-16.
  • Flora of North America. Moringa Adanson, Fam. Pl. (2021). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=121194. (erişim tarihi: 28.03.2021)
  • Foidl, N., Makkar, H.P.S., & Becker, K. (2001). The potential of Moringa oleifera for agricultural and industrial uses. In: Fuglie, L.J. (Ed.). The miracle tree: the multiple attributes of Moringa. CTA Publication. Wageningen, the Netherlands pp. 45-76.
  • Francis, J.A., Jaya Prakasam, B, Olson, K.L. & Nair, M. (2004). Insulin secretagogues from Moringa oleifera with cyclooxygenase enzyme and lipid peroxidation inhibiting activities. Helvitica Chimica Acta 87 (2): 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.200490029
  • Freiberger, C.E., Vanderjagt, D.J., Pastuszyn, A., Glew, R.S., Mounkaila, G., Millson, M. & Glew, R.H. (1998). Nutrient content of the edible leaves of seven wild plants from Niger. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 53 (1): 57-69. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008080508028
  • FU/IFAS (University of Florida: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences) Assessment of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. (2021). https://assessment.ifas.ufl.edu/assessments/moringa-oleifera/. (erişim tarihi: 28.03.2021)
  • Fuglie, L.J. (1999). The Miracle Tree: Moringa oleifera: Natural nutrition for the tropics. Church World Service, Dakar, Senegal. 68 P.
  • Gandji, K., Chadare, F.J., Idohou, R., Salako, V.K., Assogbadjo, A.E. & Glèlè Kakaï, R.L. (2018). Status and Utilisation of Moringa oleifera Lam: A review. African Crop Science Journal 26 (1): 137-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v26i1.10
  • Ganesan, S.K., Singh, R., Choudhury, D.R., Bharadwaj, J., Gupta, V. & Singode, A. (2014). Genetic diversity and population structure study of drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.) using morphological and SSR markers. Industrial Crops and Products 60: 316-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.06.033
  • Garcia, S. N., Mlambo, V., Mnisi, C. M., Lallo, C. H. O., & Bridgemohan, P. (2016). A comparative analysis of the potential protein value of some agro-industrial by-products for ruminant animals. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 93 (3): 185-196. https://doi.org/0041-3216/2016/030185-12
  • George, E.F., Hall, M.A. & Klerk, G.J.D. (2008). Plant propagation by tissue culture. Vol 1. 3rd Ed. Springer 1: 283- 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5005-3_8
  • Goja, A.M. (2013). Physico-chemical properties of oil produced from Moringa oleifera, Jatropha curcas and Carthamus tinctorius L seeds. International Journal of Advanced Research 1 (4): 181-187.
  • Goordeen, A. (2018). Postharvest quality attributes of fresh-cut Moringa pods. Final Year Project, Department of Food Production, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, University of the West Indies. 45 P.
  • Guevara, A.P., Vargas, C., Sakurai, H., Fujiwara, Y., Hashimoto, K., Maoka, T., Kozuka, M., Ito, Y., Tokuda, H. & Nishino, H. (1999). An antitumor promoter from Moringa oleifera Lam. Mutation Research 440 (2): 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00025-x
  • ISC (Invasive Species Compendium). Moringa oleifera, (horse radish tree). Last modified: 17 December 2019. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/34868#tosummaryOfInvasiveness. (erişim tarihi: 28.03.2021).
  • Islam, S., Jahan, M.A.A. & Khatun, R. (2005). In vitro regeneration and multiplication of year-round fruit bearing Moringa oleifera L. Journal of Biological Sciences 5 (2): 145-148. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3923/jbs.2005.145.148
  • Issaka Ibrahıma, F. (2020). Moringa (Moringa oleifera) bitkisinin farklı formlarının besin maddesi kompozisyonunun ve potansiyel yem değerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Anabilim Dalı. 55 S.
  • Jahn, S.A.A. (1996). On the introduction of a tropical multipurpose tree to China traditional and potential utilisation of Moringa oleifera Lamarck. Senckenbergiana Biologica 75 (1/2): 243-254.
  • Kaminsa, C. (2019). Moringa oleifera bitki özütlerinin biyolojik aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Anabilim Dali. 74 S.
  • Lalas, S. & Tsaknis, J. (2002). Extraction and identification of natural antioxidants from the seeds of Moringa oleifera tree variety of Malawi. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 79 (7): 677-683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-002-0542-2
  • Leone, A., Spada, A., Battezzati, A., Schiraldi, A., Aristil, J. & Bertoli, S. (2015). Cultivation, genetic, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Moringa oleifera leaves: An overview, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16 (6): 12791-12835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612791
  • Limaye, D.A., Nimbkar, A.Y., Jain, R. & Ahmad, M. (1995). Cardiovascular effects of the aqueous extract of Moringa pterygosperma. Phytotherapy Research 9 (1): 37-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650090109
  • Long, A.J. & Nair, P.K.R. (1999). Trees outside forests: agro-, community, and urban forestry. New Forests 17: 145- 174.
  • Lu, L. & Olson, M. Moringaceae: Moringa oleifera Lamarck. İn: FOC (Flora of China). (2021). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200009759. (erişim tarihi: 27.03.2021)
  • Ma, Z.F., Ahmad, J., Zhang, H., Khan, I., & Muhammad, S. (2019). Evaluation of phytochemical and medicinal properties of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) as a potential functional food. South African Journal of Botany 129: 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.12.002
  • Mabapa, M.P., Ayisi, K.K. & Mariga I.K. 2017. Effect of planting density and harvest interval on the leaf yield and quality of Moringa under diverse agroecological condition of Northern South Africa. International Journal of Agronomy 2941432. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2941432
  • Mabruk, A.A., Talib, H.N. Mohamed M.A. & Alawad, A.H. (2010). A note on the potential use of Moringa oleifera tree as animal feed, Hillat Kuku. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production 1 (2): 184-188.
  • Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (1997). Nutrients and anti-quality factors in different morphological parts of the Moringa oleifera tree. The Journal of Agricultural Science 128 (3): 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859697004292
  • Makonnen, E., Hunde, A. & Damecha, G. (1997). Hypoglycaemic effect of Moringa stenopetala aqueous extract in rabbits. Phytotherapy Research 11 (2): 147-148. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099- 1573(199703)11:2<147::aid-ptr41>3.0.co;2-v
  • Mangale, S.M., Chonde, S.G. & Raut, P.D. (2012). Use of Moringa oleifera (Drumstick) seed as natural absorbent and an antimicrobial agent for ground water treatment. Research Journal of Recent Science 1 (3): 31-40.
  • Mani, S., Jaya, S. & Vadivambal, R. (2007). Optimization of solvent extraction of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed kernel oil using response surface methodology. Food and Bioproducts Processing 85 (C4):328-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/fbp07075
  • Manzoor, M., Anwar, F. Iqbal, T. & Bhnager, M.I. (2007). Physico-chemical characterization of Moringa concanensis seeds and seed oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 84 (5): 413-419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-007-1055-3
  • Marwah, R.G., Fatope, M.O., Al-Mahrooqi, R., Varma, G.B., Al-Abadi, H. & Al-Burtamani, S.K.S. (2007). Antioxidant capacity of some edible and wound healing plants in Oman. Food Chemistry 101 (2): 465-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.001
  • Meena, A.K., Sachan, A., Kaur, R., Pal, B. & Singh, B. (2010). Moringa oleifera: A review. Journal of Pharmacy Research 3: 840-842.
  • Mehta, L.K., Balaraman, R., Amin, A.H., Bafna, P.A. & Gulati, O.D. (2003). Effect of fruits of Moringa oleifera on the lipid profile of normal and hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 86 (2-3): 191-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00075-8
  • Mirzaie-Nodushan, H. and Asadi-Korom, F. (2010). Moringa, miracle of the nature. Publications of Iran Forests and Rangelands Research Institute. Tehran, Iran. 211 P.
  • Moreki, J.C. & Gabanakgosi, K. (2014). Potential use of Moringa oleifera in poultry diets. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research 2 (2): 109-115.
  • Morton, J.F. (1991). The horseradish tree, Moringa pterygosperma (Moringaceae): A boon to arid lands? Economic Botany 45: 318-333. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02887070
  • Muluvi, G.M., Sprent, J.I., Soranzo, N., Provan, J., Odee, D., Folkard, G., McNicol, J.W. & Powell, W. 1999. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of genetic variation in Moringa oleifera Lam. Molecular Ecology 8 (3): 463-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00589.x
  • Muyibi, S.A. & Evison, L.M. (1995). Moringa oleifera seeds for softening hardwater. Water Research 29 (4): 1099- 1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)00250-B
  • Nair, A.G.R. & Subramanian, S.S. (1962). Pigments of the flowers of Moringa pterygosperma. Current Science 31: 55-56.
  • Nambiar, V. & Seshadri, S. (2001). Bioavailability Trials of Beta-Carotene From Fresh and Dehydrated Drumstick Leaves (Moringa oleifera) in a Rat Model. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 56 (1): 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008132503972
  • Nautiyal, B.P. & Venhataraman, K.G. (1987). Moringa (Drumstick) - an ideal tree for social forestry. My forest 23, 53-58.
  • Ndabigengeser, A. & Narasiah, K.S. (1998). Use of Moringa oleifera seeds as a primary coagulant in waste water treatment. Environmental Technology 19 (8): 789-800.
  • Nouman, W., Basra, S.M.A., Siddiqui, M.T., Yasmeen, A., Gull, T. & Alcayde, M.A.C. (2014). Potential of Moringa oleifera L. as livestock fodder crop: A review. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 38 (1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1211-66
  • Oguntibeju, O.O., Aboua, G.Y., & Omodanisi, E.I. (2020). Effects of Moringa oleifera on oxidative stress, apoptotic and inflammatory biomarkers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal model. South African Journal of Botany 129: 354-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.039
  • Olson, M.E. (2002). Combining data from DNA sequences and morphology for a phylogeny of Moringaceae (Brassicales). Systematic Botany 27 (1): 55-73. https://doi.org/10.1043/0363-6445-27.1.55
  • Omidbeigi, R. (2014). Production and processing of medicinal plants I. Behnashr Pub. Mash’had, Iran. 347 P.
  • Padayachee, B. & Baijnath, H. (2020). An updated comprehensive review of the medicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera. South African Journal of Botany 129: 304-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.021
  • Padmarao, P., Acharya, B.M. & Dennis, T.J. (1996). Pharmacognostic study on stembark of Moringa oleifera Lam. Bulletin of Medico-Ethno-Botanical Research, 17: 141-151.
  • Palada, M.C. & Chang, L.C. (2003). Suggested cultural practices for Moringa. International Cooperators Guide. March. AVRDC Pub. 03-545.
  • Palada, M.C. (1996). Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.): A versatile tree crop with horticultural potential in the subtropical United States. HortScience 31 (5): 794-797. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.31.5.794
  • Paliwal, R., Sharma, V. & Pracheta. (2011). A review on horse radish tree (Moringa oleifera): A multipurpose tree with high economic and commercial importance. Asian Journal of Biotechnology 3 (4): 317-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajbkr.2011.317.328.
  • Papillo, J. (2007). Moringa oleifera: the multipurpose wonder-tree. Michigan Technological University, Michigan, USA.
  • Ponnuswami, V. (2019). Advances in Production of Moringa, All India Co-ordinated Research Project- Vegetable Crops. Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu. pp. 604-625.
  • Popoola, J.O, Oluyisola, B. & Obembe, O. (2014). Genetic diversity in Moringa oleifera from Nigeria using fruit morpho-metric characters and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Covenant Journal of Physical and Life Sciences 1 (2): 43-60.
  • Popoola, J.O. & Obembe, O.O. (2013). Local knowledge, use pattern and geographical distribution of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) in Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2): 682-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.043
  • Proyecto Biomasa. (1996). Internal Report, UNI Managua. Qaiser, M. (1973). Moringaceae. In: Nasir, E., Ali, S. I., Flora of West Pakistan, No. 38; Eds.; Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan, pp. 1-4.
  • Radovich, T. (2009). Farm and forestry production and marketing profile for Moringa (Moringa oleifera). In: Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry (Elevitch, C.R. ed.). Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawaii 22-40.
  • Ramachandran, C.N., Peter, K.V. & Gopalakrishnan, P.N. (1980). Drumstick (Moringa oleifera): A multipurpose lndian vegetable. Economic Botany 34 (3): 276-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02858648
  • Richter, N., Siddhuraju, P. & Becker, K. (2003). Evaluation of nutritional quality of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Aquaculture 217 (1): 599-611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00497-0
  • Ross, I.A. (1999). Medicinal plants of the world; chemical constituents, traditional and modern medicinal uses. Humana Press. Totowa, New Jersey. pp. 231-239.
  • Roy, S.K., Chandra, K., Ghosh, K., Mondal, S. & Maiti, D. (2007). Structural investigation of a heteropolysaccharide isolated from the pods (fruits) of Moringa oleifera (Sajina). Carbohydrate Research 342, 2380-2389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2007.07.020
  • Ruckmani, K., Kavimani, S., Anandan, R. & Jaykar, B. 1998. Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. on paracetamol-induced hepatoxicity. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 60 (1): 33-35.
  • Saini, R.K., Saad, K.R. & Ravishankar, G.A. (2013). Genetic diversity of commercially grown Moringa oleifera Lam. cultivars from India by RAPD, ISSR and cytochrome P450-based markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution 299 (7): 1205-1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-013-0789-7
  • Saint Sauveur, A. & Broin, M. (2010). Growing and processing Moringa leaves. Published by CDE CTA. Moringa Association of Ghana. http://www.moringanews.org/documents/moringawebEN.pdf
  • Sánchez, N.R., Ledin, S. & Ledin, I. (2006a). Biomass production and chemical composition of Moringa oleifera under different management regimes in Nicaragua. Agroforestry Systems 66 (3): 231-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-8847-y
  • Sánchez, N.R., Spörndly, E. & Ledin, I. (2006b). Effect of feeding different levels of foliage of Moringa oleifera to creole dairy cows on intake, digestibility, milk production and composition. Livestock Science 101 (1-3): 24-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.09.010
  • Sanchez-Machado, D.I., Lopez, C.J. & Vázquez, N.J.R. (2006). High-performance liquid chromatography method to measure alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in leaves, flowers and fresh beans from Moringa oleifera. Journal of Chromatography A, 1105 (1-2): 111-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.048
  • Shahzad, U., Jaskani, M.J. & Khan, A. (2013). Genetic diversity and population structure of Moringa oleifera. Conservation Genetics 14 (6): 1161-1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0503-x
  • Sharma, P., Kumari, P., Srivastava, M.M. & Srivastava, S. (2006). Removal of cadmium from aqueous system by shelled Moringa oleifera Lam. seed powder. Bioresource Technology 97 (2): 299-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.034
  • Shehata, S., Badr, S., & Wahba, S. (2002). Drinking water treatment options for eliminating freshwater algae. International Journal of Environmental Studies 59 (6): 679-688. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207230214397
  • Siddhuraju, P. & Becker, K. (2003). Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agro-climatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51 (8): 2144-2155. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020444+
  • Soliva, C.R., Kreuzer, M., Foidl, N., Foidl, G., Machmüller, A. & Hess, H.D. (2005). Feeding value of whole and extracted Moringa oleifera leaves for ruminants and their effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology 118 (1/2): 47-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.10.005
  • Srivastava, M. Dhakad, P.K. & Srivastava, B. (2020). A Review on medicinal constituents and therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera. Universal Journal of Plant Science 8 (2): 22-33. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujps.2020.080202
  • Subadra, S., Jain, M. & Dhabhai, D. (2009). Retention and storage stability of beta-carotene in dehydrated drumstick leaves (Moringa oleifera). International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 48 (6): 373-379. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637489709028585
  • Suthanthirapandian, I.R., Sambandamurthy, S. & Irulappan I. (1989). Variations in seedling populations of annual Moringa (Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn.). South Indian Horticulture 37 (5): 301-302.
  • Thapa, K., Poudel, M. & Adhikari, P. (2019). Moringa oleifera: A review article on nutritional properties and its prospect in the context of Nepal. Acta Scientific Agriculture 3 (11): 47-54. https://doi.org/10.31080/ASAG.2019.03.0683.
  • Tsaknis, J, Lalas, S., Gergis, V., Dourtoglou, V. & Spilitois V. (1999). Characterization of Moringa oleifera variety Mbololo seed oil of Kenya. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47 (11): 4495-4499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf9904214
  • Vijayakumar, R.M. (2000). Studies on influence of months of sowing and growth regulation on annual Moringa (Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn.). Ph.D Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. 112 P.
  • Villasenor, I.M. (1994). Bioactive metabolites from Moringa oleifera Lam. Kimika 10 (1): 47-52. https://doi.org/10.26534/kimika.v10i1.47-52
  • Yang, R.Y., Tsou, S.C.S., Lee, T.C., Chang, L.C. Kuo G. & Lai. P.Y. (2006). Moringa, a novel plant rich in antioxidants, bioavailable iron, and nutrients. In: Wang, M., Sang, S., Hwang, L.S. and Ho, C.T. Eds. Herbs: Challenges in Chemistry and Biology. American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series 925: 224-239. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2006-0925.ch017
  • Zaku, S.G., Emmanuel, S., Tukur, A.A. & Kabir, A. (2015). Moringa oleifera: An underutilized tree in Nigeria with amazing versatility: A review. African Journal of Food Science 9 (9): 456-461. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2015.1346
Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi-Cover
  • ISSN: 2148-4015
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 3 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2014
  • Yayıncı: Ali Nihat Gökyiğit Eğitim ve Sağlık Kültür Sanat ve Doğal Varlıkları Koruma Vakfı