Patterns of sustainable mobility and the structure of modality in the Randstad city-region

The sustainable mobility vision for city-regions proposes a more integrated and ‘seamless’ multi-modal public transport system around quality neighborhoods, shifting mobility to soft transportation modes and to public transport at various scales. Existing models of sustainable urban form address this challenge focusing on the location, density and diversity of activities, on the composition of the street layout, and on the presence of transport nodes and the quality of the public transport service. In order to better understand the relation between urban form and sustainable mobility patterns we propose to additionally measure the structure of mobility networks, including network proximity, density and accessibility, for different transport modes. The analysis of a multi-modal network model of the Randstad region in the Netherlands, integrating private and public transport infrastructure networks and land use information, reveals the structures of modality in the city-region. These structures are used to identify a typology of ‘modality environments’ that tested against travel survey data demonstrate support for specifc patterns of mobility, i.e. walking, cycling, car use, local and regional transit. This classifcation can contribute to a new urban form based method for evaluating the potential of neighborhoods for sustainable mobility.

PDF

___

Banister, D. (2005) Unsustainable Transport: City Transport in the New Century. Routledge, New York, London.

———. (2008) The Sustainable Mobility Paradigm,Transport Policy, Vol.15, No.2: 73–80.

Batty, M. (2009) Accessibility: In Search of a Unifed Theory, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design,Vol.36, No.2: 191–194.

Bertolini, L., and F. Clercq (2003) Urban Development Without More Mobility by Car? Lessons from Amsterdam, a Multimodal Urban Region, Environment and Planning A, Vol.35, No.4: 575–589.

Bruun, E., P.L.L. Schiller, and T. Litman(2012) An Introduction to Sustainable Transportation: Policy, Planning and Implementation. Earthscan, London.

Buijs, S. (1992) Urbanisation Alternatives in the Fourth Report on Physical Planning, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, Vol.7, No.2: 209–211.

Cervero, R., and M. Duncan (2003) Walking, Bicycling, and Urban Landscapes: Evidence From the San Francisco Bay Area, Am J Public Health, Vol.93, No.9: 1478–1483.

Cervero, R., and R. Gorham (1995) Commuting in Transit Versus Automobile Neighborhoods,Journal of the American Planning Association,Vol.61, No.2: 210–225.

Cervero, R., and K. Kockelman(1997) Travel Demand and the 3Ds: Density, Diversity, and Design, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol.2, No.3: 199–219.

Cervero, R., and C. Radisch(1996) Travel Choices in Pedestrian Versus Automobile Oriented Neighborhoods, Transport Policy, Vol.3, No.3: 127–141.

Cheng, J., L. Bertolini, F.le Clercq, and L.Kapoen(2012) Understanding Urban Networks: Comparing a Node-, a Density- and an Accessibility-based View, Cities (0) doi:10.1016/j.cities.2012.04.005.

Chiaradia, A., . Hillier,C. Schwander, and M. Wedderburn(2012) Compositional and Urban Form Effects on Centres in Greater London, Proceedings of the ICE - Urban Design and Planning, 165 (1): 21–42.

Chiaradia, A., E. Moreau,and N. Raford(2005) Confgurational Exploration of Public Transport Movement Networks: A Case Study, The London Underground, in A. Van Nes (ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium. TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands.

Chiaradia, A., C. Schwander, J.Gil,E. Friedrich,and A. Gosset(2008) Mapping the Intangible Value of Urban Layout (i-VALUL): Developing a Tool Kit for the Socio-economic Valuation of Urban Areas, for Designers and Decision Makers, Proceedings of the9th International Conference on Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

Chiaradia, A., C. Webster, and C. Cooper(2012) sDNA - A Software for Spatial Design Network Analysis. Available online, accessed 21 August 2013: http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/sdna/.

Dalton, N., J.Peponis, and R. Conroy Dalton (2003) To Tame a TIGER One Has to Know Its Nature: Extending Weighted Angular Integration Analysis to the Description of GIS Road-centerline Data for Large Scale Urban Analysis,in J. Hanson (ed.), Proceedings of the 4th International Space Syntax Symposium, University College London, London, UK, pp.17-19.

European Commission (2001) White Paper – ‘European Transport Policy for 2010: Time to Decide’, White Paper COM(2001)370. Luxembourg: Offce for Offcial Publications of the European Communities.

Figueiredo, L., and L. Amorim(2005) Continuity Lines in the Axial System, in A. van Nes (ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium,TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands.

Freeman, L.C. (1978) Centrality in Social Networks Conceptual Clarifcation, Social Networks,Vol.1, No.3: 215–239.

Gil, J. (2012) Integrating Public Transport Networks in the Axial Model,in M. Greene, J. Reyes and A. Castro (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Space Syntax Symposium, Pontifcia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Gil, J., J.N. Beirão, N.Montenegro, and J.P. Duarte (2012) On the Discovery of Urban Typologies: Data Mining the Many Dimensions of Urban Form, Urban Morphology, Vol.16, No.1: 27–40.

Gil, J., andS. Read (2012) Measuring Sustainable Accessibility Potential Using the Mobility Infrastructure’s Network Confguration,in M. Greene, J. Reyes and A. Castro (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Space Syntax Symposium, Pontifcia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Gilbert, R., and H. Tanguay(2000) Sustainable Transportation Performance Indicators.Brief Review of Some Relevant Worldwide Activity and Development of an Initial Long List of Indicators, Final Report Phase 1. Toronto, Canada: The Centre for Sustainable Transportation.

Goedman, H., and W. Zonneveld(2008) Dutch Spatial Planning: From Implicit Towards Explicit Sustainable Urban Development, Proceedings of the44th ISOCARP Congress, Dalian, China.

Hall, P., and K. Pain (2006) The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Megacity Regions in Europe. Earthscan Ltd., London.

Hansen, W.G. (1959) How Accessibility Shapes Land Use, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, Vol.25, No.2: 73–76.

Hilbers, H., and D. Snellen(2005) Evaluation of the Mobility Impacts of the Dutch Vinex Policy, Paper presented at the 45th Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Hillier, B. (1996) Space Is the Machine: a Confgurational Theory of Architecture. Space Syntax, London.

Hillier, B. and Hanson, J. (1984) The Social Logic of Space, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hillier, B., and S. Iida (2005) Network and Psychological Effects in Urban Movement.In Spatial Information Theory, edited by A.G. Cohn and D.M. Mark, 475–490. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3693. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.

Hillier, B., A. Turner,T. Yang,and H. Tae-Park (2010) Metric AndTopo-Geometric Properties Of Urban Street Networks: Some Convergences, Divergences and New Results, Journal of Space Syntax, Vol.1, No.2: 258–279.

Jiang, B., and C. Liu (2009) Street-based Topological Representations and Analyses for Predicting Traffc Flow in GIS, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Vol.23, No.9: 1119.

Law, S., A. Chiaradia,and C. Schwander (2012) Towards a Multi-modal Space Syntax Analysis. A Case Study of the London Street and Underground Network,in M. Greene, J. Reyes and A. Castro (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Space Syntax Symposium, Pontifcia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Marcus, L. (2005) Plot Syntax - a Confgurational Approach to Urban Diversity, in A. van Nes (ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium,TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands.

Marshall, S. (2005) Streets and Patterns. Spon Press, Oxon.

Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, Rijkswaterstaat, and DienstVerkeer en Scheepvaart.(2011) Mobiliteitsonderzoek Nederland (MON) 2004-2009, SPSS. Verplaatsingsgedrag. Netherlands: DANS EASY. Available online:http://persistent-identifer. nl/?identifer=urn:nbn:nl:ui:13-37z-uia.

Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, RuimtelijkeOrdening en Milieubeheer (VROM) (2001) Making Space, Sharing Space. Fifth National Policy Document on Spatial Planning 2000/2020 – Summary, Policy Statement VROM 00.0698/h/06-01 15564/179, The Hague, The Netherlands.

———. (2008) Randstad 2040 - Summary of the Structural Vision, VROM, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Newman, P., and J.R. Kenworthy (1999) Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence. Island Press, Washington D.C.

Ozbil, A., J. Peponis, and B. Stone (2011) Understanding the Link Between Street Connectivity, Land Use and Pedestrian Flows, Urban Design International, Vol.16, No.2: 125–141.

Peponis, J., S. Bafna, and Z. Zhang (2008) The Connectivity of Streets: Reach and Directional Distance, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design,Vol.35, No.5: 881–901.

Priemus, H., and M. Spaans(1992) Fourth Report on Physical Planning Extra (VINEX) and the Randstad, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment,Vol.7, No.2: 133–134.

Read, S., G. Bruyns, E.van den Hoogen, and M. Plomp(2007) Constructing Metropolitan Landscapes of Actuality and Potentiality,in A.S. Kubat, Y. Guney, O. Ertekin and E. Eyuboglu (eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Space Syntax Symposium, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Read, S., and J. Gil (2012) Amsterdam and Its Region as a Layering of Sociotechnical Systems,in M. Greene, J. Reyes and A. Castro (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Space Syntax Symposium, Pontifcia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Serra, M., J. Gil,and P. Pinho(2012) Unsupervised Classifcation of Evolving Metropolitan Street Patterns, Proceedings of the EAAE/ISUF International Conference “New Urban Confgurations”. Delft, The Netherlands.

Sevtsuk, A. (2010) Path and Place: A Study of Urban Geometry and Retail Activity in Cambridge and Somerville, MA, PhDdissertation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Snellen, D., and H. Hilbers (2007) Mobility and Congestion Impacts of Dutch VINEX Policy, TijdschriftVoorEconomische En SocialeGeografe,Vol.98, No.3: 398–406.

Ståhle, A., L. Marcus and A. Karlström(2005) Place Syntax- Geographic Accessibility with Axial Lines in GIS, in A. van Nes (ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium,TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands.

Turner, A. (2001) Angular Analysis,in J. Peponis, J. Wineman and S. Bafna (eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Space Syntax Symposium, College of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA.

———. (2007) From Axial to Road-centre Lines: a New Representation for Space Syntax and a New Model of Route Choice for Transport Network Analysis, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, Vol.34, No.3: 539–555.

Van Eck, J. R., and D. Snellen(2006) Is the Randstad a City Network? Evidence from Commuting Patterns, Paper presented at European Transport Conference 2006, 14. Strasbourg, France: Association for European Transport.

Wassenberg, F. (2006) The Netherlands: Adaptation of the Carefully Planned Structure. Built Environment, Vol.32, No.1. Neighbourhood Centres in Europe: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: 12–31.