Döngüsel Ekonomi Modeli ve Atık Yönetiminde Döngülerin Tasarımına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme

İlk iki sanayi devriminden sonra teknolojik, sosyal ve ekonomik gelişmelerle hızla ilerleyen lineer ekonominin çevre üzerinde geri dönüşü olmayan olumsuz sonuçları olmuştur. Küresel kaynak kullanım hızlı bir oranda artarken, tek kullanımlık yaşam tarzlarımız gezegeni al, yap, kullan, at dünyası haline getirmiş ve atık oluşumu lineer ekonominin en belirgin sorunlarından olmuştur. Mevcut lineer ekonomi modelinin sürdürülebilir olmadığı daha da açık hale gelmektedir, bunun yanında artan nüfus ve kaynaklar üzerindeki talep bu modeli daha da sürdürülemez kılmaktadır. Mevcut tahminler, toplam küresel tüketimin gezegenin kendini yenileme kapasitesini şimdiden %50 oranında aştığını göstermektedir. Doğal kaynakların kullanımının rasyonelleşmesi ve sürdürülebilir olmayan üretim ve tüketim kalıplarının değiştirilmesi için bir şey yapılmadığı takdirde, zaten kritik olan bu durum giderek daha da kötüleşmeye devam edecektir. Toplumu, daha az doğal kaynak girdisiyle daha fazla değer yarabilen bir topluma geçirmek amacıyla, hammadde, kaynak ve yenilenebilir enerji kullanımlarını esas alan yeni bir ekonomik sistemin ortaya çıkması neredeyse bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda, güncel bir paradigma olan ’Döngüsel Ekonomi’, küresel sürdürülebilirlik baskılarını azaltmaya yardımcı olacak umut verici bir yaklaşım olarak görülmektedir. Literatür araştırmasına dayalı bu çalışma, döngüsel ekonomi modeline odaklanmakta, modeli ve sistemin temelini oluşturan döngüleri incelemekte, model altında önerilen ilgili ürün tasarım stratejilerini atık yönetimi kapsamında değerlendirmektedir. Döngülerin kapatılması ve yavaşlatılması için tasarım stratejilerinin incelenmesi girişimi temelinde, öncü temel çalışmalar kapsamında önerilen modeller ve stratejiler kullanılmıştır. Çalışmalara dayanarak, döngüsel ekonominin atık ve kaynak yönetimi için etkili bir araç olacağı açıktır. Ancak, genel olarak geri dönüşümün, yani döngülerin kapatılmasının döngülerin yavaşlatılmasıyla karşılaştırıldığında daha fazla öne çıktığı görülmektedir. Atık yönetimi hiyerarşisinde, atıkların oluşumundan önce oluşmadan önlenebilmesi önceliklidir; bu doğrultuda döngülerin yavaşlatılmasının döngülerin kapatılmasından daha önemli olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. Diğer taraftan, yalnızca üretim kalıplarının değiştirilmesi yeterli olmayacaktır, tüketim kalıplarının da mutlaka değiştirilmesi gerekmektedir.

An Evaluation on the Circular Economy Model and the Loops Design in the Context of Waste Management

The linear economy, which has grown further with the technological, social and economic developments after the first two industrialrevolutions, had irreversible negative consequences on the environment. While the global resource use has increased rapidly, ourdisposable lifestyles have transformed the planet into a ‘take-make- use and throw’ world and waste generation has become one of theprominent problems of this economy. It is now much clearer that the business as usual linear economy model is not sustainable;besides, increasing population along with the demand on resources makes this model even more unsustainable. Current estimatesshow that total global consumption has already exceeded 50% of the planet's self-renewal capacity. If nothing is done to rationalizethe use of natural resources and to change those unsustainable production and consumption patterns, the situation that is alreadycritical will continue to deteriorate further. To turn the society into a one that can create more value with less natural resource input, anew economic system based on the sustainable use of raw materials, resources and renewable energy is almost a necessity. In thisrespect, a recent paradigm, ‘Circular Economy’, is viewed as a promising approach to help to reduce our global sustainabilitypressures. Based on a narrative literature review, this study focuses on the circular economy, examines the model and the loopsunderlying the system, then analyses the respective product design strategies under the model within the scope of waste management.In its attempt to provide an analysis of the design strategies for slowing and closing the loops, the models and strategies proposed bysome key earlier studies are utilized. Based on the studies, it is evident that the circular economy model would be an effective tool forwaste and resource management. However, in general, it is seen that closing loops through recycling is more prominent compared toslowing loops. In the waste management hierarchy, preventing waste before it is generated has the highest priority, accordingly it isconcluded that slowing loops is even more important than closing loops. Furthermore, changing only the production patterns wouldnot be enough, it is imperative to change the consumption patterns as well.

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