Yem bitkilerinde allelopatik özellikler ve tarımsal ekosistemler üzerine etkileri

Allelopati; bir bitkinin kendi türünden ya da diğer türlerden bitkilere: doğrudan veya dolaylı yoldan zarar veren kimyasal bileşikler salgılaması olarak tanımlanır. Allelopatik bir bitkiden ortama bırakılan fitotoksik maddeler bitkilerde çimlenme ve fide gelişmesini yavaşlattığı için bitkilerin yerleşmesini zorlaştırır. Allelopatinin autotoksidite ve heterotoksidite olmak üzere iki özel çeşidi vardır. Özellikle tarımsal ekosistemlerle ilgili olarak son yıllarda yapılan allelopatik çalışmalar hızla atmıştır. Birçok araştırıcı diğer bitkilerde olduğu gibi yem bitkileri arasında da allelopatik ilişkilerin yaygın olduğunu belirlemiştir. Allelopatik yem bitkisi türlerinin ve bunların etki mekanizmalarının bilinmesi, yem bitkisi ihtiva eden ekim nöbeti sistemleri için çok önemlidir. Bu makalede-allelopatik yem bitkileri ve bunların tarımsal ekosistemler üzerine etkileri tartışılmıştır,

Allelopathy in forage crops and its effects on agroecosystems

Allelopathy is defined as the direct or indirect harmful effects of the one plant through the production of chemical compounds that escape into the environments. Phytotoxic substances inhibit germination arid seedling growth, causing difficulty in establishing after the allelopathic plants. Autotoxicity and heterotoxicity are spesific types of allelopathy occur when a plant species releases chemical substances. The rate of allelopathic research has accelerated rapidly in the recently, particularly in relation to agroecosystems. Many researchers have conducted research on allelopathy in forage crops as well as other plant species. Therefore known the allelopathic forage crops and their effect mechanism is very important for including a forage crop in a cropping system. The allelopathic forage crops and their effects on agroecosystems will be discussed in detail in this paper.

PDF

___

Bradow, J.M., Connick, W.J., 1990. Volatile seed germination inhibitors from plant residues. J. Chem. Ecol., 16:645-646.
Chung, I.M., Miller, D.A., 1991. Autotoxic effects and re-seeding alfalfa. Agronomy Abst., ASA, Madisom, WI,p: 140.
Chung, I.M., Miller, D.A., 1995 a. Differences in autotoxicity among seven alfalfa cultivars. Agron. J., 87:596-600.
Chung, I.M., Miller, D.A., 1995 b. Allelopathic influence of nine forage grass extracts on germination and seedling growth of alfalfa. Agron. J., 87:767-772.
Chung, I.M., Miller, D.A., 1995 c. Natural herbicide potential of alfalfa residue on selected weed species. Agron. J., 87:920-925.
Dornbos, D.L., Spencer, G.F., Mite, R.W., 1990. Medicarpin delays alfalfa seed germination and seedling growth. Crop Sci., 30:162-166.
Einhelling, F.A., 1996. Interaction involving allelopathy in cropping systems. Agron. J., 88: 886-893.
Ells, I.E., McSay, A.E., 1991. Allelopathic effects of alfalfa plant residues on emergence and growth of cucumber seedlings. Hort. Sci., 26:368- 370.
Guenzi, W.D., Kehr, W.D., McCalla, T.M., 1964. Water-soluble phytotoxic substances in alfalfa foliage; variation with variety, cutting, year and stage of growth. Agron. J., 56:499-500,
Gussin, E. J., Lynch, J.M., 1981. Microbial fermentation of grass residues to organic acids as a factor in the establishment of new grass swank New Phytol, 89:449-457.
Hall, M.H., Henderlong, P.R., 1989. Alfalfa autotoxic fraction characterization and initial separation. Crop Sci., 29:415-28,
Hegde, R.S., Miller, DA, 1990. Allelopathy and autotoxicity in alfalfa: Characterization and effects of preceding crops and residue incorporation. Crop. Sci., 30:1255-1259.
Jennings, J., 2001. Patience needed when replanting alfalfa after alfalfa. Hoarsd's Dairyman, April 25,2001, Fort Atkinson, WI.
Jensen, E.H., Hartman, G.J., Lundin, F., Knapp, S., Brookerd, B., 1981. Autotoxicity in alfalfa. Nevada Agric. Exp. Stat. Report. R144.
Luu, K.T., Matches, A.G., Peters, E.J., 1982. Allelopathic effects of tall fescue on birdsfoot trefoil as influenced by N fertilization and seasonal change. Agron. J., 74:805-808.
McElğunn, J.D., Heinrichs, D.H., 1970. Effects of root temperature and a suspected phytotoxic substance on growth of alfalfa. Canadian J. Plant Sci., 50:307-311.
McFarlane, M.J., Scott, D., Jarvis, P., 1982. Allelopathic effects of white clover. I. Germination and chemical bio-assay. New Zealand J. Agric. Res., 25:502-510.
Miersch, J.C., Jülhlke, C, Sternkopf, G., Krauss, GJ., 1992. Metabolism and exudation of canavanine during development of alfalfa (Medicago saliva L. cv. Verbe). J. Chem. Ecol., 18:2117- 2129.
Miller, DA, 1983. Allelopathic effects of alfalfa. J. Chem. Ecol., 9: 1059- 1072.
Miller, D.A., 1992. Allelopathy in alfalfa and other forage crops. In Allelopathy: Basic and Applied Aspects, SJ.H. Rizvi, V. Rizvi (Eds.) Chapman-Hall, London, p: 169-177.
Miller, D.A., 1996. Allelopathy in forage crop systems. Agron. X, 88: 854- 859.
Miller, R.W., Kleiman, R., Powell, R.G., Putnam, A.R., 1988. Germination and growth inhibitors of alfalfa. J. Nat. Prod, 51: 328-330.
Mishustin, E.N., Naumova, A.N., 1955. Secretion of toxic substances by alfalfa and their effect on cotton and soil microflora. tzvest. Akad. Nauk, SSSR, Ser. BioL, 6:3-9.
Molisch, H., 1937. Der einer pflanze auf die andere - Allslopathie. Gustave Fischer Verlag, Jena
Oleszek, W., Jurzysta, M., 1987. The allelopathic potential of alfalfa root: medicagenic acid glycosides and their fate in soil environments. Plant Soil, 98:67-80.
Petersen, M.W., 1965. Effect of alfalfa saponin on cotton seed germination. Agron. J., 57: 516-517.
Pester, T., 1998. Allelopathic effects of rye (Secale cereale L.) and their implications for weed management. Review Paper-En570 Spring 1998.
Peterson, P., Sequin, P., Sheaffer, C.C., Schmit, M., Russelle, M., Randall, G., Hoverstad, T., Quiring, S., 2000. Autotoxicity during re-establishment of alfalfa - Is it a serious concern? Minnesota Forage Update. Fall, 2000 XXV (40, pp. 1-3) Minnesota Forage and Grassland Council, Minnesota, USA.
Putnam, R.R., 1985. Weed allelopathy. In Weed Phsiplogy, S.O. Duke (Ed), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Rice, E.L., 1984. Allelopathy. Second Edition, Academic Press, New York, USA, 422 p. Ries, S.K., W. Wert, C.C. Sweerley, R.A. Leavit, 1977. Triacontanol: A new naturally occuring plant growth regulator. Science, 195, 1339. Seigler, D.S., 1996. Chemistry and mechanism of allelopathic interactions. Agron. J., 88:876-885.
Ries, SJSL, Wert, W, Sweriey, GC, LeaviJ, RA, 1977. Triaoonlanol: A new nalutalfy auimngpkrtgtowthtegukfcr. Science, 195,1339.
Stephenson, R.J., Peşler, G.L., 1988. The influence of tall fescue on the germination, seedling growth and yield of birdsfoot trefoil. Grass and Forage Sci., 43:273-278.
Tesar, M.B., 1986. Re-establishing alfalfa without autotoxicity. Proc. Int. Symposium, Establishment of Forage Crops by Conservation Tillage Methods: Pest Management Methods. University Park, PA, 15-19 June 1986.
Undersander, D.J., Martin, N.P., Cosgreve, D., Kelling, K., Schmitt, M., Wedberg, J., Becker, R., Grau, G, Doll, D., Rice, M.E., 1994. Alfalfa Management Guide. University of Wisconsin-Ext. Serv. Produced by Coop. Ext. USA
Webster, G.R., Khan, S.U., Moore, A. W., 1967. Poor growth of alfalfa on some Alberta soils. Agron. J., 59:37-41.
Weston, L.A., 1996. Utilization of allelopathy for weed management in agroecosystems. Agron. J., 88:860-866.
White, R.H., Worsfaam, A.D., Blum, U., 1989. Allelopathie potential of legume debris and aqueous extracts. Weed Sci., 37:674-679.
Yenish IP., Worsham, A.D., York, AC, 1996. Cover crops for herbicide replacement in no-tillage com (Zea mays). Weed Tecnnology, 10: 815-821.