Orta Asya ile Güney Asya arasında Hint-Türk Kültür ve Medeniyetleri Etkileşimleri (t. MS 700-1500)

İran, Hint, Türk ve Çin de dahil olmak üzere birçok büyük dünya medeniyetinin bağlantı noktasında Orta Asya yer alır ve antik çağlardan beri çeşitli kültür ve medeniyetlerin kavşağı olmuştur. İnsanlık tarihinde benzersiz bir rol oynayan inanılmaz derecede çok kültürlü bir bölgedir. Hinduizm'i Hindistan'a getiren Hint-Aryanların anavatanı olan bölge, daha sonra Zerdüştlüğün yuvası olmuş, Budizm ve İslam'ı benimsemiştir. Merkezi konumu nedeniyle Asya'nın kalbi olarak kabul edilir, ancak insanlık hikayesi için hayati önemi genel halk tarafından pek takdir edilmez. Hindistan halkı gibi Orta Asya halkı da tarihsel olarak küresel öneme sahip bilimsel ve kültürel uygulamaları geliştirmiş, yeni teknolojiler geliştirmiş ve her alanda öğrenimi zenginleştirmiştir. Bu makale, MS 700-1500 döneminde bu esasen Fars kültürel alanında Hint ve Türk kültürlerinin değiş tokuşunu araştırmaktadır. Bu dönem, erken Arap-İslam fetihlerini, Ortaçağ Altın Çağını, Moğol istilasını ve Osmanlı, Safevi ve Babür imparatorluklarının başlıca erken modern uygarlıklarının ortaya çıkışını kapsar. Bu dönem, istikrarlı bir şekilde uzlaştırılan ve kendi başına dikkate değer bir medeniyetle bütünleşen birçok etnik ve kültürel eserin kaynaşmasıyla dikkate değer bir sosyo-kültürel gelişme gördü. İslam, bu dikkate değer değiş tokuşun matrisini sağlarken, aynı zamanda, sadece başkalarına müsamaha göstermekten ziyade, çeşitliliği ve çok inançlı ruhu kutsayan bir kültürde, farklı inançlara ve geçmişlere sahip insanların katkılarını da içeriyordu. İnsan zihinlerinin işbirliğine ve entelektüel ve uygarlık bağlarının yerli gelenekler, inanç, edebiyat ve sanat üzerindeki etkilerine dair geçerli bir örnek sunuyor. Hint ve Türk kültürlerinin ve Orta Asya ile Güney Asya arasındaki medeniyet alışverişinin bu analizi, esas olarak Arapça, Farsça, Urduca ve İngilizce kaynaklara dayanmaktadır ve Müslüman bilgelerin Türk ve Hint kültürel alanlarıyla ilişkili olarak bilgelik, dil, sanat, mimarlık, kültür, bilim, tıp, felsefe ve edebiyatın korunması ve geliştirilmesindeki rolüne ve entelektüel mirasına, başarılarına ve rolüne odaklanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

İslam, Budizm, Zerdüştlük, Türk kültürü, Çin Kültürü, Fars kültürü, Hint kültürü

Indo-Turkic Cultures and Civilizational Exchanges between Central Asia and South Asia (c. 700-1500 CE)

Central Asia is located at the nexus of many great world civilizations, including the Persian, Indian, Turkic, and Chinese, and it has been the crossroads of the diverse cultures and civilizations since antiquity. It is an incredibly multi-cultural region that has played a unique role in human history. As the homeland of the Indo-Aryans who brought Hinduism to India, the region later became home to Zoroastrianism, and adopted Buddhism and Islam. It is considered the heart of Asia because of its centrality, but its crucial importance to the human story is little appreciated by the general public. The people of Central Asia, like those of India, have historically improved scientific and cultural practices of global importance, as well as innovating new technologies and enriching learning in all fields. This paper explores the exchanges of Indian and Turkic cultures in this essentially Persian cultural sphere during the period 700-1500 CE. This period spans the early Arab-Islamic conquests, the medieval Golden Age, the Mongol invasion, and the emergence of the major early modern civilizations of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. This period saw remarkable socio-cultural development with the fusions of many ethnic and cultural artefacts that were steadily reconciled and integrated into a remarkable civilization in its own right. While Islam provided the matrix for this remarkable exchange, it also included the contributions of peoples of diverse faiths and backgrounds, in a culture than celebrated diversity and multi-faith spirit, rather than merely tolerating others. It presents a valid illustration of the collaboration of human minds and the influences of intellectual and civilizational links on native traditions, belief, literature and arts. This analysis of Indo-Turkic cultures and civilizational exchanges between Central Asia and South Asia is based mainly on Arabic, Persian, Urdu and English sources, focused on the intellectual legacy, achievements, and role of Muslim polymaths in the preservation and development of wisdom, language, arts, architecture, culture, sciences, medicine, philosophy, and literature in relation to the Turkic and Indian cultural spheres.

Keywords:

Central Asia Persian, Indian, Turkic, Chinese, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Islam,

PDF

___

Afif, Shams al-Din ibn Siraj al-Din. (1891). Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi. Maulavi, Vilayat Husain. (Ed.), Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica.
Ahmad, Muhammad Aziz. (1972). Political History and Institutions of the Early Turkish Empire of Delhi (1206-1290 AD). Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
Al-Baladhuri, Abu al-Hasan b. Yahya. (1932). Futuh al-buldan. M., Ridwan. (Ed.), Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Tijariyya.
Al-Dinawari, Abu Hanifa Ahmad bin Daud. (1888). Al-Akhbar al-Tiwal. Abdul, Munim A’mir. (Ed.), Brill. Alexeeva, Nina Nikolaevna , Sivaramamurti, Calambur , Yefremov, Yury Konstantinovich and Ryabchikov, Aleksandr Maximovich. "South Asia". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Jun. 2023,
https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Asia. Accessed 14 June 2023.
Al-Kufi, Ali Ibn Hamid. (1983). Chach-Namah. N., A. Baloch (Ed.), Islamabad: Institute of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization, Islamabad University.
Al-Tabari, Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Jarir.(1964).Tarikh al-Rusul w’al-Muluk. M., J. de Goeje. (Ed.), Vol. V. Leiden: Brill.
Awfi, Sadid al-Din Muhammad.(1906). Jawamia al-Hikayat wa-Lawamia al-Riwayat. E., G. Browne & Muhammad, Qazwini idem Lubab-al-Albab. (Eds.), London: Leyden.
Azmi, M. Ilyas.(2021). Bayan-e-Shibli. vol.1. New Delhi: Educational Publication House.
Badauni, Abdul Qadir Ibn-i-Muluk Shah. (1868). Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh. Maulvi, Ahmad Ali. (Ed.), Calcutta: College Press for the Asiatic Society Bengal.
Bakhshi, Nizam al-Din Ahmad. (1927). Tabaqat-i-Akbari. vol. 1. Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica.
Barani, Zia al-Din. (2005). Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi. Syed, Ahmad Khan. (Ed.), Aligarh: Muslim University Press.
Barani, Zia al-Din. (2015). Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi. (Ishtiyaq, Ahmad Zilli Trans.), New Delhi: Primus Books.
Beatrice, F. Manz. (Ed.). (1998). Central Asia in Historical Perspective. Oxford: Westview Press.
Bhu’a, Mian.(1877). Ma’adan al-Shafa Sikandar Shahi. Lucknow: Nawal Kishore Press.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Central Asia". Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/place/Central-Asia. Accessed 12 June 2023.
Chandra, Satish. (Ed.). (2003). Studies in Archaeology and History. Rampur: Raza Library.
Eaton, Richard M. (2019). India in the Persianate Age 1000–1765. London: Allen Lane-Penguin Books.
Farishta, Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah.(1884).Tarikh-i Farishta, vol. 1. Lucknow: Nawal Kishore.
Gardizi, Abu Sa’id ‘Abd al-Hayy.(1928). Zain al-Akhbar. Muhammad Nazim. (Ed.), Berlin: Iranschahr.
Gibb, H. R. (1970). The Arab Conquests in Central Asia. New York: AMS Press.
Green, Nile. (Ed.). (2017). Afghanistan’s Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban. Oakland: University of California Press.
Habib, Mohammad.(2005). Hazrat Amir Khusrau of Delhi. Delhi: Cosmo Publications.
Habibullah, A.B.M. (1976). The foundation of Muslim rule in India: a history of the establishment and progress of the Turkish sultanate of Delhi, 1206–1290 A.D. Allahabad: Central Book Depot.
Hadi, Nabi. (1995). Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications.
Ibn Battuta. (1953). The Rehla of Ibn Battuta. (Mahdi, Husain Trans.), Baroda: Gaekwad’s Oriental Series.
Ibn Nadim, Abu al-Farj Muhammad. (1299/1884). Al-Fihrist. Beirut: Darul Maktabah al-Hayat. Ibn Abi, Usaybah. (1884). Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba A., Muller (Ed.), 2 vols. Cairo and Königsberg: al-Matba'ah al-Wahbiyah.
Islam, Arshad. (2001). Islam in Sindh. Kuala Lumpur: International Islamic University Malaysia Press. Islam, Arshad. (2011). The Contribution of Muslims to Science During the Middle Abbasid Period (750-945). Revelation and Science, 01 (01), 39-56.
Islam, Arshad. (2022). Multifaith Relationships and Civilization-Building in India’s Muslim States and Societies, in Indianization of Islam: Muslim: State and Society. published by The World Muslim Communities Council Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 9-59.
Islam, Zafarul.(2005). Fatawa Literature of the Sultanate Period. Delhi: Kanishka Publishers & Distributors, Jackson, Peter. (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Khan, M. S. (1990). Ali Ibn Rabban at-Tabari, A Ninth Century Arab Physician, on the Ayurveda. Indian Journal of History of Science. 25 (1-4) 20.
Khusrau, Amir. (1949). The Nuh Sipihr. Mohammad, Wahid Mirza. (Ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lapidus, Ira M. (2002). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Litvinsky, B. A. (Ed.). (1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. vol. III, UNESCO.
Minhaj Siraj al-Juzjani. (1342/1954). Tabaqat-i-Nasiri. Habibi, Abd al-Hai (Ed.), Kabul: Historical Society of Afghanistan.
Mirza, M. Wahid. (1962). The life and works of Amir Khusrau. Lahore: Panjab University Press.
Mushtaqi, Rizqullah. (2002). Waqiat-i-Mushtaqi. I., H. Siddiqui (Ed.), Rampur: Raza Library.
Nadeem, K. (2014). Shibli Ki Aap Beeti. Azamgarh: Darul Mussanefin Shibli Academy.
Nadeem, K. (2015). Aap Beeti Allama Iqbal. Kolkata: West Bengal Urdu Academy.
Nadvi, Shah Muinuddin Ahmad. (2006).Tarikh-i-Islam, vol. I-IV. Lahore: Maktaba Daniyal. Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah.(2000). The History of Islam. vol. II. Riyadh: Darussalam Int’l Publishers & Distributors.
Nazim, Muhammad. (1973).The life and times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna. Lahore: Khalil & Co. Nazir, Ahmad. (1972). The earliest Persian translation of the Awarif-ul-Ma’rif. Indo-Iranica, Calcutta, September-December 25 ( 3-4) 20-50.
Nizami, Khalique Ahmad. (2002). Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India During the Thirteenth Century. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Qalandar, Hamid. (1959). Khair-ul-MajalisK. A. Nizami (Ed.), Aligarh: Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University.
Qawwas, Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah. (1999). Farhang-i-Qawwas. Nazir, Ahmad (Ed.), Rampur: Raza library Publications.
Rashid, S. A. (1969). Society and Culture in Medieval India (1206-1556 A.D.). Calcutta: Firma K.J. Mukhopadhyay.
Shibli, No’mani. (1989). Maqalat-i-Shibli. vi. Azamgarh: Matba’ Ma’arif.
Siddiqui, I. H. (1993). Indian Sources on Central Asian History and Culture 13th to 15th Century A. D. Journal of Asian History. 27(1), 51-63.
Sijzi, Amir Hasan. (1312/1894). Fawaid-ul-Fuad. Lucknow: Nawal Kishore Press.
Vaissiere, Etienne Dela. (2005). Sogdian Traders A History. (James Ward Trans.), Leiden/Boston: E. J. Brill.
Zilli, Ishtiyaq Ahmad. (2000). Development of Insha Literature till the end of Akbar’s Reign’. In Muzaffar Alam (Ed.), The Making of Indo-Persian Culture. New Delhi: Manohar.