Demiryolu yuvarlanma yüzeyi gürültüsü ve zemin titreşimi ve hat ilişkili azaltma önlemleri-güncel gelişmeler

Demiryolu gürültü ve titreşim kirliliği, özellikle demiryolu hattına yakın veya yakınında yaşayanlar olmak üzere, dünya çapında milyonlarca insanı etkilemektedir. Demiryolu ulaşım modu çevre dostu bir teknoloji olarak bilinse de gürültü kirliliğine katkısı azımsanmayacak kadar az değildir. Birçok deneysel ve gözlemsel çalışma, gürültü ve titreşimin insan sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkisini göstermektedir. Bu makalenin birincil amacı, başta yuvarlanma yüzeyi gürültüsü ve zemin titreşimi olmak üzere birincil kaynaklardan kaynaklanan demiryolu gürültüsünün kaynağını ve demiryolu hattı bakış açısıyla güncel demiryolu gürültüsü azaltma önlemlerinin geliştirilmesini gözden geçirmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Demiryolu yuvarlanma yüzeyi gürültüsü, zemin titreşimi, teker/ray etkileşimi, hat ilişkili gürültü azaltımı, ray yastığı

Review of railway rolling noise and ground vibration and track-related mitigation measures-Recent developments

Railway Noise and vibration pollution affect millions of people globally, especially those who live close to or near the railway line. Although railway transportation mode is known as environmentally friendly technology, its contribution to noise pollution is no less a degree. Many experimental and observational studies show an adverse effect of noise and vibration on human well-being. The primary purpose of this paper is to overview the source of railway noise caused by primary sources, mainly rolling noise and ground vibration, and the development of recent railway noise mitigation measures in consideration from a track-related perspective.

Keywords:

Railway rolling noise, ground vibration, wheel/rail interaction, track-related noise mitigations, rail pads,

PDF

___

[1] (2018) NOISE GUIDELINES for the European Region.
[2] Griefahn, B., Marks, A., and Robens, S. (2006) Noise emitted from road, rail and air traffic and their effects on sleep. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 295 (1–2), 129–140.
[3] Jariwala, H.J., Syed, H.S., Pandya, M.J., and Gajera, Y.M. (2017) “Noise Pollution & Human Health: A Review.” Indoor and Built Environment. (March), 1–4.
[4] Firdaus, G. and Ahmad, A. (2010) Noise pollution and human health: A case study of municipal corporation of Delhi. Indoor and Built Environment. 19 (6), 648–656.
[5] Aluko, E. and Nna, V. (2015) Impact of Noise Pollution on Human Cardiovascular System. International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health. 6 (2), 35–43.
[6] Stansfeld, S. and Clark, C. (2015) Health Effects of Noise Exposure in Children. Current Environmental Health Reports. 2 (2), 171–178. [7] Miedema, H.M.E. and Vos, H. (1998) Exposure-response relationships for transportation noise. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 104 (6), 3432–3445.
[8] Moehler, U. (1988) Community response to railway noise: A review of social surveys. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 120 (2), 321–332. [9] Knall, V. and Schuemer, R. (1983) The differing annoyance levels of rail and road traffic noise. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 87 (2), 321–326. [10] Fields, J.M. and Walker, J.G. (1982) Comparing the relationships between noise level and annoyance in different surveys: A railway noise vs. aircraft and road traffic comparison. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 81 (1), 51–80.
[11] Licitra, G., Fredianelli, L., Petri, D., and Vigotti, M.A. (2016) Annoyance evaluation due to overall railway noise and vibration in Pisa urban areas. Science of the Total Environment. 568 1315–1325.
[12] Wothge, J., Belke, C., Möhler, U., Guski, R., and Schreckenberg, D. (2017) The combined effects of aircraft and road traffic noise and aircraft and railway noise on noise annoyance—an analysis in the context of the joint research initiative NORAH. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (8),.
[13] Yano, T., Yamashita, T., and Izumi, K. (1997) Comparison of community annoyance from railway noise evaluated by different category scales. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 205 (4), 505–511.
[14] Pennig, S. and Schady, A. (2014) Railway noise annoyance: Exposure-response relationships and testing a theoretical model by structural equation analysis. Noise and Health. 16 (73), 388–399.
[15] Gidlöf-Gunnarsson, A., Ögren, M., Jerson, T., and Öhrström, E. (2012) Railway noise annoyance and the importance of number of trains, ground vibration, and building situational factors. Noise and Health. 14 (59), 190–201.
[16] Bunn, F. and Zannin, P.H.T. (2016) Assessment of railway noise in an urban setting. Applied Acoustics. 104 16–23.
[17] Lim, C., Kim, J., Hong, J., and Lee, S. (2006) The relationship between railway noise and community annoyance in Korea. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 120 (4), 2037–2042.
[18] Leštinský, L. and Zvolenský, P. (2019) New methods of noise reduction in railway carriages. Transportation Research Procedia. 40 778–783.
[19] Thompson, D.J. and Gautier, P.E. (2006) Review of research into wheel/rail rolling noise reduction. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. 220 (4), 385–408.
[20] Thompson, D.J. (1996) On the relationship between wheel and rail surface roughness and rolling noise. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 193 149–160.
[21] Thompson, D.J. and Jones, C.J.C. (2000) Review of the modelling of wheel/rail noise generation. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 231 (3), 519–536.
[22] Remington, P.J. (1987) Wheel/rail rolling noise, I: Theoretical analysis. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 81 (6), 1805–1823.
[23] Remington, P.J. (1976) Wheel/rail noise-Part IV: Rolling noise. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 46 (3), 419–436. [24] Remington, P.J. (1987) Wheel/rail rolling noise, II: Validation of the theory. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 81 (6), 1824–1832.
[25] Remington, P.J. (1988) Wheel/rail rolling noise: What do we know? What don’t we know? Where do we go from here? Journal of Sound and Vibration. 120 (2), 203–226.
[26] Thompson, D.J. (1993) Wheel-rail noise generation, part I: Introduction and interaction model. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 161 (3), 387–400. [27] Thompson, D.J. (1993) Wheel-rail noise generation, part III: Rail vibration. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 161 (3), 421–446.
[28] Thompson, D.J. (1993) Wheel-rail noise generation, part V: Inclusion of wheel rotation. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 161 (3), 467–482.
[29] Thompson, D.J. (1993) Wheel-rail noise generation, part IV: Contact zone and results. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 161 (3), 447–466.
[30] Thompson, D.J. (1993) Wheel-rail Noise Generation, Part II: Wheel Vibration. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 161 (3), 401–419.
[31] Thompson, D.J., Hemsworth, B., and Vincent, N. (1996) Experimental validation of the twins prediction program for rolling noise, part 1: Description of the model and method. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 193 (1), 123–135.
[32] Thompson, D. (2009) Railway noise and vibration-mechanisms. .
[33] Thompson, D.J., Fodiman, P., and Mahé, H. (1996) Experimental validation of the twins prediction program for rolling noise, part 2: Results. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 193 (1), 137–147.
[34] Verheijen, E. (2006) A survey on roughness measurements. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 293 (3–5), 784–794.
[35] Dittrich, M.G., Létourneaux, F., and Dupuis, H. (2015) Background for a new standard on pass-by measurement of combined roughness, track decay rate and vibroacoustic transfer functions. Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. 126.
[36] Thompson, D.J. (1988) Predictions of acoustic radiation from vibrating wheels and rails. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 120 (2), 275–280.
[37] Auersch, L. (2012) Train induced ground vibrations: Different amplitude-speed relations for two layered soils. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. 226 (5), 469–488.
[38] Kouroussis, G., Conti, C., and Verlinden, O. (2013) Investigating the influence of soil properties on railway traffic vibration using a numerical model. Vehicle System Dynamics. 51 (3), 421–442.
[39] Auersch, L. (1994) Wave Propagation in Layered Soils: Theoretical Solution in Wavenumber Domain and Experimental Results of Hammer and Railway Traffic Excitation. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 173 (2), 233–264.
[40] Krylov, V. v. (1994) On the theory of railway-induced ground vibrations. Journal De Physique. 4 (5 pt 2), 769–772.
[41] Sheng, X., Jones, C.J.C., and Thompson, D.J. (2004) A theoretical model for ground vibration from trains generated by vertical track irregularities. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 272 (3–5), 937–965.
[42] Kouroussis, G., Connolly, D.P., and Verlinden, O. (2014) Railway-induced ground vibrations – a review of vehicle effects. International Journal of Rail Transportation. 2 (2), 69–110.
[43] Kouroussis, G., Connolly, D.P., Vogiatzis, K., and Verlinden, O. (2015) Modelling the environmental effects of railway vibrations from different types of rolling stock: A numerical study. Shock and Vibration. 2015. [44] Kouroussis, G., Conti, C., and Verlinden, O. (2014) Building vibrations induced by human activities: a benchmark of existing standards. Mechanics & Industry. 15 (5), 345–353.
[45] Connolly, D.P., Alves Costa, P., Kouroussis, G., Galvin, P., Woodward, P.K., and Laghrouche, O. (2015) Large scale international testing of railway ground vibrations across Europe. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 71 1–12.
[46] UIC (2021) Railway Noise in Europe State of the art report. .
[47] Zvolenský, P., Grenčík, J., Pultznerová, A., and Kašiar, L. (2017) Research of noise emission sources in railway transport and effective ways of their reduction. MATEC Web of Conferences. 107.
[48] Oertli, J. (2014) Railway noise control in Europe: Current status. Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. 126 1–6.
[49] (n.d.) RAIL DAMPERS - Products for railway - Calenberg Ingenieure GmbH.
[50] Parker, A. and Weber, C. (2010) Rail dampers - The first Australian field trial. 20th International Congress on Acoustics 2010, ICA 2010 - Incorporating Proceedings of the 2010 Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society. 3 (August), 2243–2248.
[51] Sol-Sánchez, M., Moreno-Navarro, F., and Rubio-Gámez, M.C. (2015) The use of elastic elements in railway tracks: A state of the art review. Construction and Building Materials. 75 293–305.
[52] Dumitriu, M. and Cruceanu, I.C. (2017) On the rolling noise reduction by using the rail damper. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review. 10 (6), 87–95.
[53] Thompson, D.J., Jones, C.J.C., Waters, T.P., and Farrington, D. (2007) A tuned damping device for reducing noise from railway track. Applied Acoustics. 68 (1), 43–57.
[54] van Haaren, E. and van Keulen, G.A. (2008) New rail dampers at the railway link Roosendaal-Vlissingen tested within the Dutch Innovation Program. in: Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, .
[55] Asmussen, B., Stiebel, D., Kitson, P., Farrington, D., and Benton, D. (2008) Reducing the noise emission by increasing the damping of the rail: Results of a field test. in: Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, .
[56] Betgen, B., Bouvet, P., Squicciarini, G., and Thompson, D.J. (2013) The STARDAMP Software : An Assessment Tool for Wheel and Rail Damper Efficiency A few words on rolling noise The principles of rail and wheel dampers. AIA-DAGA 2013 Conference on Acoustics. (1), 4.
[57] Squicciarini, G., Toward, M.G.R., and Thompson, D.J. (2015) Experimental procedures for testing the performance of rail dampers. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 359 21–39.
[58] Ho, W., Wong, B., and England, D. (2012) Tuned mass damper for rail noise control. Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. 118 89–96.
[60] Sun, S., Yang, J., Yildirim, T., Ning, D., Zhu, X., Du, H., et al. (2020) A magnetorheological elastomer rail damper for wideband attenuation of rail noise and vibration. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. 31 (2), 220–228.
[61] Zhao, C., Wang, P., Yi, Q., Sheng, X., and Lu, J. (2018) A detailed experimental study of the validity and applicability of slotted stand-off layer rail dampers in reducing railway vibration and noise. Journal of Low Frequency Noise Vibration and Active Control. 37 (4), 896–910.
[62] Squicciarini, G., Thompson, D.J., Toward, M.G.R., and Cottrell, R.A. (2016) The effect of temperature on railway rolling noise. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. 230 (8), 1777–1789.
[63] Zhang, X., Thompson, D., Ryue, J., Jeong, H., Squicciarini, G., and Stangl, M. (2018) The sound radiation of a railway rail fitted with acoustic shielding. 25th International Congress on Sound and Vibration 2018, ICSV 2018: Hiroshima Calling. 7 3919–3926.
[64] Morgan, S.M. and Kay, D.H. (2001) Selection of noise barrier material. Transportation Research Record. (1756), 63–67.
[65] Clairbois, J.P. and Garai, M. (2020) The European standards for roads and railways noise barriers: State of the art 2015. Euronoise 2015. 45–50.
[66] Shahidan, S., Ramzi Hannan, N.I.R., Md Maarof, M.Z., Leman, A.S., and Senin, M.S. (2016) A Comprehensive Review on the Effectiveness of Existing Noise Barriers commonly used in the Railway Industry. MATEC Web of Conferences. 87.
[67] Koussa, F., Defrance, J., Jean, P., Blanc-benon, P., Fourier, J., and H, S.M.D. (2012) Transport noise reduction by low height sonic crystal noise barriers. Acoustics 2012. (April), 997–1001.
[68] Ogata, Y. and Nagakura, K. (2012) Noise reduction effect of low barriers installed adjacent to rails. Quarterly Report of RTRI (Railway Technical Research Institute). 53 (3), 173–179.
[69] Belingard, P., Poisson, F., and Bellaj, S. (2012) Experimental study of noise barriers for high-speed trains. Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. 118 495–503.
[70] Karimi, M. and Younesian, D. (2014) Optimized T-shape and Y-shape inclined sound barriers for railway noise mitigation. Journal of Low Frequency Noise Vibration and Active Control. 33 (3), 357–370.
[71] Reiter, P., Wehr, R., and Ziegelwanger, H. (2017) Simulation and measurement of noise barrier sound-reflection properties. Applied Acoustics. 123 133–142.
[72] Matias, S.R. and Ferreira, P.A. (2020) Railway slab track systems: review and research potentials. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. 16 (12), 1635–1653.
[73] Paper, C., Ihrig, B.W., Carman, R., and Ihrig, W. (2011) An Examination of Trackbed Sound Absorptive Panels for Minimizing Wayside Noise from Rail Transit An Examination of Trackbed Sound Absorptive Panels for. (November 2015),.
[74] Zhao, C., Wang, P., Wang, L., and Liu, D. (2014) Reducing railway noise with porous sound-absorbing concrete slabs. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2014.
[75] Kim, H., Hong, J., and Pyo, S. (2018) Acoustic characteristics of sound absorbable high performance concrete. Applied Acoustics. 138 (March), 171–178.
[76] Jeon, E.B., Ahn, S.K., Lee, I.G., Koh, H.I., Park, J., and Kim, H.S. (2015) Investigation of mechanical/dynamic properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer concrete for low noise railway slab. Composite Structures. 134 27–35.
[77] Kralov, I., Piskova, A., and Nedelchev, K. (2014) An experimental study and analysis of a new railway transport noise absorber. AIP Conference Proceedings. 1631 23–28.
[78] Gieva, E.E., Ruskova, I.N., Nedelchev, K.I., and Kralov, I. (2018) COMSOL Numerical Investigation of Acoustic Absorber. 9th National Conference with International Participation, ELECTRONICA 2018 - Proceedings. 1–4.
[79] Gong, D., Zhou, J.S., and Sun, W.J. (2013) On the resonant vibration of a flexible railway car body and its suppression with a dynamic vibration absorber. JVC/Journal of Vibration and Control. 19 (5), 649–657. [80] Vibration Reduction Analysis of the Dynamic Vibration Absorber on the Flexible Carbody of Railway Vehicles-China Railway Science 2009.
[81] Zhu, S., Yang, J., Yan, H., Zhang, L., and Cai, C. (2015) Low-frequency vibration control of floating slab tracks using dynamic vibration absorbers. Vehicle System Dynamics. 53 (9), 1296–1314.
[82] Zhu, S., Yang, J., Cai, C., Pan, Z., and Zhai, W. (2017) Application of dynamic vibration absorbers in designing a vibration isolation track at low-frequency domain. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. 231 (5), 546–557.
[83] Liu, H. and Zhu, D. (2020) Controlling the vibration and noise of a ballasted track using a dynamic vibration absorber with negative stiffness. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. 234 (10), 1265–1274.
[84] Lin, Q., Guo, J., Wang, H.Y., Wang, W.J., and Liu, Q.Y. (2018) Optimal design of rail grinding patterns based on a rail grinding target profile. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. 232 (2), 560–571.
[85] Schöch, W. (2008) Rail grinding strategies for achieving optimum results: an inventory. Railway Eng. Int. 4–6.
[86] Cui, D. bin, Li, L., Jin, X.S., and Zhou, L.J. (2011) Study on rail goal profile by grinding. Gongcheng Lixue/Engineering Mechanics. 28 (4), 178–184.
[87] Gu, K.K., Lin, Q., Wang, W.J., Wang, H.Y., Guo, J., Liu, Q.Y., et al. (2015) Analysis on the effects of rotational speed of grinding stone on removal behavior of rail material. Wear. 342–343 52–59.
[88] Zhou, K., Ding, H.H., Zhang, S.Y., Guo, J., Liu, Q.Y., and Wang, W.J. (2019) Modelling and simulation of the grinding force in rail grinding that considers the swing angle of the grinding stone. Tribology International. 137 (May), 274–288.
[89] Fan, W., Hou, G., Wang, W., and Wu, Y. (2019) Dynamic analysis of a novel rail-grinding car using open-structured abrasive belt for high-speed railways. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2019.
[90] John Stanford, by, Sroba, P., and Magel, E. (n.d.) BURLINGTON NORTHERN SANTA FE PREVENTIVE GRADUAL GRINDING INITIATIVE.
[91] Magel, E., Roney, M., Kalousek, J., and Sroba, P. (2003) The blending of theory and practice in modern rail grinding. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures. 26 (10), 921–929.
[92] Liepert, M., Möhler, U., Schreckenberg, D., and Schuemer, R. (2013) The impact of rail grinding on noise levels and residents’ noise responses - Part I: Study design and acoustical results. 42nd International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering 2013, INTER-NOISE 2013: Noise Control for Quality of Life. 6 5152–5159.
[93] Schreckenberg, D., Möhler, U., Liepert, M., and Schuemer, R. (2013) The impact of railway grinding on noise levels and residents’ noise responses - Part II: The role of information. 42nd International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering 2013, INTER-NOISE 2013: Noise Control for Quality of Life. 6 5129–5136.
[94] Kuffa, M., Ziegler, D., Peter, T., Kuster, F., and Wegener, K. (2018) A new grinding strategy to improve the acoustic properties of railway tracks. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. 232 (1), 214–221.
[95] Tanaka, H. and Miwa, M. (2020) Modeling the development of rail corrugation to schedule a more economical rail grinding. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. 234 (4), 370–380.