Huizan YANG, Jinzhao HE, Min LV, Gunghua HUANG, Pengfei FENG, Luting WEN, Huawei MA, Tingjun HU, Xianda BI

Preliminary Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Muscle Quality and Digestive Enzyme Activities in GIFT-Oreochromis niloticus

The effects of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% dietary protein levels onmuscle quality, and digestive enzyme activities in GIFT-O. niloticus were investigatedfor 12 weeks. A total of 720 juvenile GIFT-O. niloticus with initial wet body weight3.50±0.2 g and length 4.6±0.5 cm were randomly divided into six triplicate groupsaccording to the above protein levels. The results show that muscle quality of GIFT-O.niloticus increased with increasing muscle protein and lipid, amino acid level, fiberarea, and muscle water-holding capacity, but decreasing flesh fiber density. Theoptimal protein level was 25%. Protease activity increased first with the 10%–25%dietary protein level, followed by a decrease as the proportion increased. Inconclusion, the 25% dietary protein level was optimal to improve muscle quality andprotease activities, which could be regarded as a reference level to produce GIFT-O.niloticus feed.

PDF

___

Aaslyng, M.D.,Bejerholm, C., Ertbjerg, P., Bertram, H.C., & Andersen, H.J. (2003). Cooking loss and juiciness of pork in relation to raw meat quality and cooking procedure. Food Quality & Preference, 14, 277–288. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0950-3293(02)00086-1.
Aguiar, D.H., Barros, M.M., Padovani, C.R., Pezzato, L.E., & PaiSilva, M.D. (2005). Growth characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue in Oreochromis niloticus larvae fed on a lysine supplemented diet. Journal of Fish Biology, 67, 1287-1298. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00823.x.
Alami-Durante, H., Fauconneau, B., Rouel, M., Escaffre, A.M., & Bergot, P. (1997). Growth and multiplication of white skeletal muscle fibres in carp larvae in relation to growth rate. Journal of Fish Biology, 50, 1285-1302. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095- 8649.1997.tb01653.x.
Alami-Durante, H., Olive, N., & Rouel, M. (2007). Early thermal history significantly affects the seasonal hyperplastic process occurring in the myotomal white muscle of Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles. Cell Tissue Research,327,553-570. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-006-0321-2.
Bai, Y., Zhang, L., Xia, S., Liu, S., Ru, X., Xu, Q., & Yang, H. (2016). Effects of dietary protein levels on the growth, energy budget, and physiological and immunological performance of green, white and purple color morphs of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture, 450, 375-382. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.08.021
Bier, M. (1955). Lipases in America: Methods in Enzymology I. New York, USA, Academic Press., 342 pp.
Campos, C., Valente, L.M.P., Conceição, L.E.C., Engrola, S., Sousa, V., Rocha, E., & Fernandes, J.M.O. (2013). Incubation temperature induces changes in muscle cellularity and gene expression in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Gene, 516, 209-217. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. gene. 2012.12.074.
Chen, J.M., Ye, J.Y., Pan, Q., Shen, B.Q., & Wang, Y.H. (2010). Effect of dietary protein levels on growth performance and whole body composition of summerling and winterling spotted barbel (Hemibarbus maculates Bleeker). Aquaculture Nutrition, 16, 412-418. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00680.x.
Conceição, L.E.C., Dersjant-Li, Y., & Verreth, J.A.J. (1998). Cost of growth in larval and juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in relation to growth rate, feed intake and oxygen consumption. Aquaculture, 161, 95-106. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00260-3.
Das, K.M., & Tripathi, S.D. (1991). Studies on the digestive enzymes of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.). Aquaculture, 92, 21-32. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(91)90005-R.
Debnath, D., Pal, A., Sahu, N., Yengkokpam,S., Baruah, K., Choudhury, D., & Venkateshwarlu, G. (2007). Digestive enzymes and metabolic profile of Labeo rohita fingerlings fed diets with different crude protein levels. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol., 146, 107-114. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.09.008.
Figueiredo, M.S.R.B., Kricker, J. A., & Anderson, A.J. (2001). Digestive enzyme activities in the alimentary tract of redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda; Parastacidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 21, 334- 344. https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20021975-99990133.
Galloway, T.F., Kjørsvik, E., & Kryvi, H. (1999). Muscle growth and development in Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua L.) related to different somatic growth rates. Journal of Experimental Biology (in Norway), 202, 2111-2120.
Gobi, N., Ramya, C., Vaseeharan, B., Malaikozhundan, B., Vijayakumar, S., Murugan, K., & Benelli, G. (2016). Oreochromis mossambicus diet supplementation with Psidium guajava leaf extracts enhance growth, immune, antioxidant response and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 58, 572-583. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.062.
Giri, S., Sahoo, S., Sahu, A., & Meher, P. (2003). Effect of dietary protein level on growth, survival, feed utilisation and body composition of hybrid Clarias catfish (Clarias batrachus × Clarias gariepinus). Animal Feed Science Technology, 104, 169-178. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(02)00295-X.
Haard, N.F. (1992). Control of chemical composition and food quality attributes of cultured fish. Food Research International, 25, 289-307. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(92)90126-P.
Hu, C.J., Chen, S.M., Pan, C.H., & Huang, C.H. (2006). 2× Oreochromis aureus. Aquaculture, 253, 602-607.
Huang, K., Wang, W., & Lu, J. (2003). Dietary protein requirement of juvenile Penaeus vannamei. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China (in Chinese), 10, 318-324.
Jobgen, W.S., Fried, S. K., Fu, W.J., Meininger, C.J., & Wu, G. (2006). Regulatory role for the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in metabolism of energy substrates. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 17, 571-588. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.12.001.
Johnston, I.A., Li, X., Vieira, V.L.A., Nickell, D., Dingwall, A., Alderson, R., & Bickerdike, R. (2006). Muscle and flesh quality traits in wild and farmed Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture, 256, 323-336. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.02.048
Kauffman, R.G., Eikelenboom, G., Wal, P.G.V.D., Engel, B. & Zaar, M. (1986). A comparison of methods to estimate water-holding capacity in post-rigor porcine muscle. Meat Science, 18, 307-322.https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1740(86)90020-3.
Kiessling, A., Storebakken, T., & Asgard, T. (1991). Changes in the structure and function of the epaxial muscle of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in relation to ration and age I-growth dynamics. Aquaculture, 93, 335-356. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(91)90225-V.
Kim T.T., Ngu T.D., Thinh H.N., Arjen J.R., Johan W.S., & Johan, A.J. (2016). Interaction between dissolved oxygen concentration and diet composition on growth, digestibility and intestinal health of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 462, 101- 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.05.005.
Lee, H.M., Cho, K.C., Lee, J.E., & Yang, S.G. (2001). Dietary protein requirement of juvenile giant croaker, Nibea japonica Temminck & Schlegel. Aquaculture Research 32, 112-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00050.x.
Liu, Y., Feng, L., Jiang, J., Liu, Y., & Zhou, X.Q. (2009). Effects of dietary protein levels on the growth performance, digestive capacity and amino acid metabolism of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Aquaculture Research, 40, 1073-1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02201.x.
Ling, S., Hashim, R., Kolkovski, S., Chong, S., & Chien, A. (2006). Effect of varying dietary lipid and protein levels on growth and reproductive performance of female swordtails Xiphophorus helleri (Poeciliidae). Aquaculture Research, 37, 1267-1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01554.x.
Lovell, T. (1989). Nutrition and feeding of fish. New York, USA, Van Nostrand Reinhold Press., 463 pp.
Mohanta, K., Mohanty, S., Jena, J., & Sahu, N. (2008). Protein requirement of silver barb, Puntius gonionotus fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition, 14, 143-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00514.x.
Pan, L.Q., & Wang, K.Q. (1997). Study on digestive enzyme activities and amino acid in the larvae of Portunus trituberculatus. Journal of Fisheries of China (in Chinese), 21, 246-251.
Robyt, J.F., & Whelan, W.J. (1968). The h-amylases. In J. A. Radley (Ed.), Starch and its derivates (pp. 477-497). London, UK, Academic Press., 487 pp.
Rehfeldt, C., Pas, M.F.W.T., Wimmers, K., Brameld, J.M., Nissen, P.M., Berri, C., & Oksbjerg, N. (2011). Advances in research on the prenatal development of skeletal muscle in animals in relation to the quality of muscle-based food. I. Regulation of myogenesis and environmental impact. Animal, 5, 718-730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731110002089.
Saavedra, M., Pereira, T.G., Candeias, M.A., Carvalho, L., Pousão, F.P, & Conceição, L.E.C. (2018). Effect of increased dietary protein level in meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juvenile growth and muscle cellularity. Aquaculture Nutrition, 00,1-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anu.12654.
Salze, G., Alami-Durante, H., Barbut, S., Marcone, M., & Bureau, D.P. (2014). Nutrient deposition partitioning and priorities between body compartments in two size classes of rainbow trout in response to feed restriction. British Journal of Nutrition,111, 1361- 1372. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S000711451300384X.
Shah-Alam, M., Watanabe, W.O., & Carroll, P.M. (2008). Dietary protein requirements of juvenile black sea bass, Centropristis striata. J. World Aquaculture Society, 39, 656-663. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2008.00204.x.
Silva, P., Valente, L.M.P., Olmedo, M.H., Galante, M.H., Monteiro, R.A.F., & Rocha, E. (2009). Hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth of lateral muscle in blackspot seabream Pagellus bogaraveo from hatching to juvenile. Journal of Fish Biology, 74, 37–53. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02122.x.
Sundh, H. (2009). Chronic Stress and Intestinal Barrier Function. Gothenburg, Sweden, Department of Zoology Press., 72 pp.
Sun, W.T., Xu, X.Y., Li, X.Q., Pan, W.Q., & Leng, X.J. (2017). Effects of dietary geniposidic acid on growth performance, flesh quality and collagen gene expression of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Aquaculture Nutrition, 00:1-10. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anu.12650.
William, H. (2003). Official Methods of Analysis of Official Analytical Chemists International. Washington D.C., USA, AOAC Press., 1024 pp.
Wongthahan, P., & Thawornchinsombut, S. (2015). Quality improvement of reduced-salt, phosphate-free fish patties from processed by-products of nile tilapia using textural additives and bioactive rice bran compounds. Journal of Texture Studies, 46, 240-253. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12122.
Xia, S., Zhao, W., Li, M., Zhang, L., Sun, L., Liu, S., & Yang, H. (2017). Effects of dietary protein levels on the activity of the digestive enzyme of albino and normal Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka). Aquaculture Research, 00, 1-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.13585.
Xu, G.F., Wang, Y.Y., Han, Y., Liu, Y., Yang, Y.H., Yu, S.L., & Mou, Z.B. (2015). Growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile manchurian trout, brachymystax lenok (pallas) fed different dietary protein and lipid levels. Aquaculture Nutrition, 21, 332-340. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anu.12165.
Yang, S.D., Liou, C.H., & Liu, F.G. (2002). Effects of dietary protein level on growth performance, carcass composition and ammonia excretion in juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus). Aquaculture, 213, 363-372. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00120-5.