The relationship between bone marrow activity detected on PET / CT and prognosis in patients with lymphoma
The relationship between bone marrow activity detected on PET / CT and prognosis in patients with lymphoma
Aim: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between survival of patients with lymphoma who were considered to benegative for bone marrow (BM) infiltration and BM FDG uptake on PET / CT.Material and Methods: This retrospective study included 55 patients diagnosed with lymphoma (33 HL and 22 NHL), with no BMinfiltration (by biopsy or clinically negative) and having pre-treatment PET / CT. According to the pattern of BM FDG uptake on PET/ CT the patients were divided into three groups as; those with focal FDG uptake (F-FDG), those with diffuse increased FDG uptake(D-FDG) and those with normal FDG uptake (N-FDG). The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) curves of thepatients were plotted with Kaplan Meier method. The OS and PS of patients who were grouped according to the pattern of BM FDGuptake on PET / CT, gender, disease stage and lymphoma type were compared with Log Rank test.Results: The mean follow-up period of our study was 23.7 ± 2.1 months (1-53 months). The mean OS was 41.9 ± 2.8 months, andthe mean PFS was 37.8 ± 3 months. Ten patients showed focal or multifocal FDG uptake of BM on PET / CT (F-FDG). 28 patientshad diffuse increased FDG uptake in the BM (D-FDG). In 17 patients, BM FDG uptake was within normal limits (N-FDG). There wasno significant difference between OS and PFS of patients grouped according to gender, stage of disease, type of lymphoma and BMFDG uptake pattern (p> 0.05). Older age was associated with shorter OS and PFS.Conclusion: In our study, no significant relationship was found between BM FDG uptake on PET / CT and survival of patients withlymphoma with negative BM infiltration. However, although PET / CT does not completely replace BM biopsy, it may be helpful indetecting early infiltration of BM.
___
- 1. Jost LM, Stahel RA; ESMO Guidelines Task Force. ESMO Minimum clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of Hodgkin’s disease. Ann Oncol 2005;16:54-5.
- 2. Hiddemann W, Dreyling M, Stahel RA; ESMO Guidelines Task Force. Minimum clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of newly diagnosed follicular lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2005;16:56-7.
- 3. Zhang QY, Foucar K. Bone marrow involvement by Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009;23:873-902.
- 4. Juneja SK, Wolf MM, Cooper IA. Value of bilateral bone marrow biopsy specimens in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 1990;43:630-2.
- 5. Levis A, Pietrasanta D, Godio L, et al. A large-scale study of bone marrow involvement in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma 2004;5:50-5.
- 6. Bremnes RM, Bremnes Y, Dønnem T. High-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated in northern NorwayVtreatment, outcome, and prognostic factors. Acta Oncol 1999;38:117-24.
- 7. Brusamolino E, Bacigalupo A, Barosi G, et al. Classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma in adults: guidelines of the Italian Society of Hematology, the Italian Society of Experimental Hematology, and the Italian Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation on initial work-up, management, and follow-up. Haematologica 2009; 94:550-65.
- 8. Howell SJ, Grey M, Chang J, et al. The value of bone marrow examination in the staging of Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a review of 955 cases seen in a regional cancer centre. Br J Haematol 2002;119:408-11.
- 9. Bain BJ. Bone marrow biopsy morbidity and mortality: 2002 data. Clin Lab Haematol 2004;26:315–8.
- 10. Muslimani AA, Farag HL, Francis S, et al. The utility of 18-F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in evaluation of bone marrow involvement by non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Clin Oncol 2008;31:409-12.
- 11. Schaefer NG, Strobel K, Taverna C, et al. Bone involvement in patients with lymphoma: the role of FDG-PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;34:60- 7.
- 12. Carr R, Barrington SF, Madan B, et al. Detection of lymphoma in bone marrow by whole-body positron emission tomography. Blood 1998;91:3340-6.
- 13. Pakos EE, Fotopoulos AD, Ioannidis JP. 18F-FDG PET for evaluation of bone marrow infiltration in staging of lymphoma: a meta-analysis. J Nucl Med 2005;46:958- 63.
- 14. Moulin-Romsee G, Hindié E, Cuenca X, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT bone/bone marrow findings in Hodgkin’s lymphoma may circumvent the use of bone marrow trephine biopsy at diagnosis staging. Eur J Nucl MedMol Imaging 2010;37:1095-105.
- 15. Kim HY, Kim JS, Choi DR, et al. The Clinical Utility of FDG PET-CT in Evaluation of Bone Marrow Involvement by Lymphoma. Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47:458-64.
- 16. Horwitz SM, Zelenetz AD, Gordon LI, et al. NCCN guidelines insights: non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, version 3.2016. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2016;14:1067- 79.
- 17. Wang J, Weiss LM, Chang KL, et al. Diagnostic utility of bilateral bone marrow examination: significance of morphologic and ancillary technique study in malignancy. Cancer 2002;94:1522-31.
- 18. Cook GJ, Maisey MN, Fogelman I. Normal variants, artefacts and interpretative pitfalls in PET imaging with 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose and carbon-11 methionine. Eur J Nucl Med 1999;26:1363-78.
- 19. Divgi C. Imaging: staging and evaluation of lymphoma using nuclear medicine. Semin Oncol. 2005;32:11-8.
- 20. Skinnider BF, Mak TW. The role of cytokines in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2002;99:4283-97.
- 21. Küppers R. The biology of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Nat Rev Cancer 2009;9:15-27.
- 22. Yang YQ, Ding CY, Xu J, et al. Exploring the role of bone marrow increased FDG uptake on PET/CT in patients with lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a reflection of bone marrow involvement or cytokine storm?. Leuk Lymphoma 2016;57:291-8.
- 23. Berthet L, Cochet A, Kanoun S, et al. In newly diagnosed diffuse large B-18 cell lymphoma, determination of bone marrow involvement with FFDG PET/CT provides better diagnostic performance and prognostic stratification than does biopsy. J Nucl Med 2013;54:1244-50.
- 24. Keam B, Ha H, Kim TM, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio improves prognostic prediction of International Prognostic Index for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone. Leuk Lymphoma 2015;56:2032-8.
- 25. Melchardt T, Troppan K, Weiss L, et al. Independent Prognostic Value of Serum Markers in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in the Era of the NCCN-IPI. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2015;13:1501-8.
- 26. Murata Y, Kubota K, Yukihiro M, et al. Correlations between 18F-FDG uptake by bone marrow and hematological parameters: measurements by PET/ CT. Nuclear Medicine and Biology 2006;33: 999-1004.
- 27. Imataki O, Tamai Y, Yokoe K, et al. The Utility of FDGPET for Managing Patients with Malignant Lymphoma: Analysis of Data from a Single Cancer Center. Inter Med 2009;48:1509-13, .
- 28. Hong J, Lee Y, Park Y, et al. Role of FDG-PET/CT in detecting lymphomatous bone marrow involvement in patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Ann Hematol 2012;91:687-95.
- 29. Chen S, He K, Feng F, et al. Metabolic tumor burden on baseline 18F-FDG PET/CT improves risk stratification in pediatric patients with mature B-cell lymphoma. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2019;46:1830-9.
- 30. Burkhardt B, Oschlies I, Klapper W, et al. NonHodgkin’s lymphoma in adolescents: experiences in 378 adolescent NHL patients treated according to pediatric NHL-BFM protocols. Leukemia 2011;25:153- 60.
- 31. Ellison LF. Differences in cancer survival in Canada by sex. Health Rep 2016;27:19-27.