Dilek ÖZTAŞ, İlhan Avni BAYHAN, Canan Gönen AYDIN, Hanife Hale HEKİM, Hanefi ÜÇPINAR

Gender differences between the three dimensional gait analysis data of young athletes

Aim: There are differences in skeletal structures between genders. These differences also have an impact on the gait patterns ofindividuals. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the differences between two genders with regard to gait parametersof young Turkish athletes. The secondary purpose was to form a representative gait sample of Turkish athletes.Material and Methods: A total of 51 athletes; 29 females, 22 males (5-18 years, mean age: 11.7) who did not have any disease thatmight lead to gait pathology were included in the study. Three-dimensional gait analysis was performed on all participants withViconBonita System (Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, England). Temporo-spatial, kinematic, and kinetic variables were compared amongthe groups.Results: Regarding the time-distance parameters; step distance (p=0.001) and stride length (p=0.002) were found to be greaterin girls than in boys. The kinematic analysis showed that the maximum hip extension during the stance phase (H2, p=0.03) wasgreater in boys compared to the extension during the stance phase of the girls. The maximum hip flexion during the swing phase(H3, p=0.02), maximum hip adduction (H4, p=0.01) and maximum ankle plantar flexion (A3, p=0.04) were found to be higher in girlsthan in boys.Conclusion: The gait analysis data had signifiant gender differences. Sport technology and biomechanics have been advancingrapidly. We suggest that normal data and biomechanical factors will be clearer as the gait analysis results of the athletes increase.

PDF

___

1. Winter DA. Biomechanics of human movement with applications to the study of human locomotion. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 1984;9:287-314.
2. Gage JR. The identifiation and treatment of gait problems in cerebral palsy. 2nd Ed. Mac Keith Press, London 2009;31-66.
3. Miller F. Cerebral palsy. 1st Ed. Springer, New York, 2005;40-82.
4. Jacquelin P, Judith B. Gait analysis: normal and pathological function. J Sports Sci Med. 2010;9:353.
5. Weiss MJ, Moran MF, Parker ME, et al. Gait analysis of teenagers and young adults diagnosed with autism and severe verbal communication disorders. Front Integr Neurosci 2013;7:1-18.
6. Winter DA, Patla AE, Frank JS, Walt SE. Biomechanical walking pattern changes in the fi and healthy elderly. Phys Ther 1990;70:340-7.
7. Bugané F, Benedetti M, Casadio G, Attala S, Biagi F, Manca M, et al. Estimation of spatial-temporal gait parameters in level walking based on a single accelerometer: validation on normal subjects by standard gait analysis. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2012;108:129-37.
8. Horváth M, Tihanyi T, Tihanyi J. Kinematic and kinetic analyses of gait patterns in hemiplegic patients. Facta Universities-Series: Physical Education and Sport 2001;1:25-35.
9. Webster JB, Darter BJ. Principles of normal and pathologic gait. Atlas of orthoses and Assistive Devices. 5th edition. Elsevier, Virginia, 2019;49-62
10. Thummerer Y, Von Kries R, Marton MA, et al. Is age or speed the predominant factor in the development of trunk movement in normally developing children? Gait Posture 2012;35:23-8.
11. Holm I, Tveter AT, Fredriksen PM, Vøllestad N. A normative sample of gait and hopping on one leg parameters in children 7-12 years of age. Gait Posture 2009;29:317-21.
12. Lythgo N, Wilson C, Galea M. Basic gait and symmetry measures for primary school-aged children and young adults whilst walking barefoot and with shoes. Gait Posture 2009;30:502-6.
13. Lythgo N, Wilson C, Galea M. Basic gait and symmetry measures for primary school-aged children and young adults. II: walking at slow, free and fast speed. Gait Posture 2011;33:29-35.
14. Shih Y, Chen C, Chen W, et al. Lower extremity kinematics in children with and without flexible flatfoot: a comparative study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012;13:31-40.
15. Hallemans A, De Clercq D, Otten B, et al. 3D joint dynamics of walking in toddlers: a cross-sectional study spanning the fist rapid development phase of walking. Gait posture 2005;22:107-18.
16. Davis RB, Õunpuu S, Tyburski D, et al. A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique. Hum Mov Sci 1991;10:575-87.
17. Kadaba MP, Ramakrishnan HK, Wootten ME. Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking. J Orthop Res 1990;8:383-92.
18. Burnett CN, Johnson EW. Development of gait in childhood. Part I: Method. Devel Med Child Neurol 1971;13:196-206.
19. Norlin R, Odenrick P, Sandlund B. Development of gait in the normal child. J Pediat Orthop1981;1:261-6.
20. Scrutton DR. Footprint sequences of normal children under fie years old. Devel Med Child Neurol 1969; 11:44-53.
21. Chagas DV, Leporace G, Praxedes J, et al. Analysis of kinematic parameters of gait in Brazilian children using a low-cost procedure. Human Movement 2013; 14:340-6.
22. Froehle AW, Nahhas RW, Sherwood RJ, et al. Agerelated changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait accompany ongoing lower limb linear growth in late childhood and early adolescence. Gait Posture 2013;38:14-9.
23. Sutherland, D. The development of mature gait. Gait Posture1997;6:163-70.
24. Moreno-Hernández A, Rodríguez-Reyes G, QuinonesUrióstegui I, et al. Temporal and spatial gait parameters analysis in non-pathological Mexican children. Gait Posture 2010;32:78-81.
25. Zakaria NK, Jailani R, Tahir NM. Preliminary Study: Gender comparison in walking gait analysis on anatomical planes for children. Symposium on Computer Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE) 2015;155-9.
26. Smith Y, Louw Q, Brink Y. The three-dimensional kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters of gait in 6–10 year old typically developed children in the cape metropole of South Africa – a pilot study. BMC Pediatr 2016;16:200.
27. Zakaria NK, Jailani R, Tahir NM. Comparison kinematic angles between genders in children. Symposium on Computer Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE). 2015;181-5.
28. Arendt E, Dick R. Knee injury patterns among men and women in collegiate basketball and soccer. NCAA Data and Review of Literature. Am J Sports Med. 1995; 23:694-701.
29. Malone TR, Hardaker WT, Garrett WE, Feagin JA, Bassett FH. Relationship of gender to anterior cruciate ligament injuries in intercollegiate basketball players. J South Orthop Assoc 1993;2:36-9.
30. Hewett TE, Ford KR, Myer GD, et al. Gender differences in hip adduction motion and torque during a singleleg agility maneuver. J Orthop Res 2006;24:416-21.
31. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et al. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes. Am J Sports Med 2005;33:492-501.
32. Padua DA, Marshall SW, Beutler AI, et al. Predictors of knee valgus angle during a jump landing task. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015;37:53-98.
33. Zazulak B, Ponce P, Straub S, et al. Gender comparison of hip muscle activity during landing. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2005;35:292-9.
34. Fessler DM, Haley KJ, Lal RD. Sexual dimorphism in foot length proportionate to stature. Ann Hum Biol 2005;32:44-59.