2020

Divergent prevalence of Warthin tumor in Africa and Asia: A consequence of variation in smoking index?

Aim: This study assessed the prevalence of WT in Africa and Asia as it relates to smoking index and malignant tumors of the parotidgland.Materials and Methods: Peer-reviewed articles found on Google Scholar, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and PubMed Centralwere systematically reviewed.Results: Significant higher prevalence of WT and smoking index (intensity and prevalence of smoking) were observed in Asia than inAfrica (p= 0.003 and p=0.001, respectively). A significant direct relationship was observed between the frequency of WT and smokingindex (p= 0.001) while a significant inverse relationship between the prevalence of WT and malignant tumors of the parotid gland(p= 0.039) was also observed. In Africa, South Africa and Morocco had the highest prevalence of WT (13.4% and 11.5%, respectively)while Tanzania and Nigeria had the lowest prevalence of WT (3.6% and 0.0%, respectively). In Asia, Taiwan and South Korea had thehighest prevalence of WT (46.6% and 38.8%, respectively) while Iran and Pakistan had the lowest prevalence of WT (7.6% and 3.5%,respectively).Conclusion: This review revealed that the high prevalence of WT in Asia could be due to a high smoking index in the continent. Itsuggests that the incidence of WT could be used as an alternative tool for monitoring the effect of smoking across countries.

PDF

___

1. Gnepp RD, Simpson RH, Eveson J. Salivary and Lacrimal gland. In: Gnepp RD, editor. Diagnostic surgical pathology of the Head and Neck. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders 2012;482-6.
2. Bussu F, Parrilla C, Rizzo D, et al. Clinical approach and treatment of benign and malignant parotid masses, personal experience. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Italica 2011;31:135-43.
3. Atri SK, Bhagat S, Rana VM, et al. Role of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis of salivary gland lesions. J Evol Med Dental Sci 2019;8:1111-6.
4. Teymoortash A, Krasnewicz Y, Werner JA. Clinical features of cystadenolymphoma (Warthin’s tumor) of the parotid gland: a retrospective comparative study of 96 cases. Oral Oncol 2006;42:569-73.
5. Cope W, Naugler C, Taylor SM, et al. The Association of Warthin Tumor with Salivary Ductal Inclusions in Intra and Periparotid Lymph Nodes. Head Neck Pathol 2014;8:73-6.
6. Kizil Y, Aydil U, Ekinci O, et al. Salivary gland tumors in Turkey: demographic features and histopathological distribution of 510 patients. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013;65:112-20. 7. Daguci L, Simionescu C, Daguci C. Clinical and Morphological Aspects of Warthin’s Tumor. Curr Health Sci J 2009;35:115-8.
8. Kotwall CA. Smoking as an etiologic factor in the development of Warthin’s tumor of the parotid gland. Am J Surg 1992;164:646-7.
9. Gana GJ, Idris SH, Sabitu K, et al. Prevalence and perception of cigarette smoking among out of school adolescents in Birnin Kebbi, North-western Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2018;30:304.
10. Capone RB, Ha PK, Westra WH, et al. Oncocytic neoplasms of the parotid gland: A 16-year institutional review. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg 2002;126:657- 62.
11. Mandic R, Agaimy A, Pinto-Quintero D, et al. Aberrant Expression of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in Warthin Tumors. Cancer. 2020;12:1112.
12. Kadletz L, Grasl S, Perisanidis C, et al. Rising incidences of Warthin’s tumors may be linked to obesity: a singleinstitutional experience. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol 2019;276:1191-6.
13. Radoï L, Barulc C, Menvielled G, et al. Risk factors for salivary gland cancers in France: Results from a casecontrol study, the ICARE study. Oral Oncol 2018;80:56- 63.
14. Hoffman SJ, Mammone J, Van Katwyk SR, et al. Cigarette consumption estimates for 71 countries from 1970 to 2015: systematic collection of comparable data to facilitate quasi-experimental evaluations of national and global tobacco control interventions. BMJ 2019;365:l2231
15. Franzen AM, Franzen CK, Guenzel T, et al. Increasing incidence of Warthin tumours of the parotid gland: a 42-year evaluation. Euro Archives of Oto-RhinoLaryngol 2018;275:2593-8.
16. Pinkston JA, Cole P. Incidence rates of salivary gland tumors: Results from a population-based study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;120:834-40.
17. Ng M, Freeman MK, Fleming TD, et al. Smoking Prevalence and Cigarette Consumption in 187 Countries, 1980-2012. JAMA 2014;311:183-92.
18. Tunc O, Gonuldas B, Arslanhan Y, et al. Change in Warthin’s tumor incidence: a 20‑year joinpoint trend analysis. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol 2020.
19. Yazici D, Guney Z, Coktu MY, et al. Clinicopathological analysis of parotid masses: six-year experience of a tertiary center. J Pak Med Assoc 2020;70:308-12.
20. Comoglu S, Ozturk E, Celik M, et al. Comprehensive analysis of parotid mass: A retrospective study of 369 cases. Auris Nasus Larynx 2018;45:320-7.
21. Derin S, Erdogan S, Almac A, Ulubil A, Iseri M, Aydin O, et al. Parotid Gland Tumours in Turkish Population: Analysis of 165 Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015;16:3539-42
22. Etit D, Ekinci N, Tan A, et al. An analysis of salivary gland neoplasms: a 12-year, single-institution experience in Turkey. Ear, Nose, Throat J 2012; 91:125-9.
23. Rahman NA. Oral and maxillofacial pathologic lesion: retrospective studies on prevalence and sociodemographic features. Arch Orofac Sci 2014;9:65-75.
24. Fatima S, Haider N, Nemri SN, Siddiqui WA. Clinical and Histopathological Spectrum of Salivary Gland Lesions in a Tertiary Center. Ann Oral Health Dental Res 2018;2:40-4.
25. Taghavi N, Sargozaei S, Mashhadiabbas F, et al. Salivary Gland Tumors: A 15- year Report from Iran. Turk J Pathol 2016;32:35-9
26. Lee DH, Yoon TM, Lee JK, et al. Clinical analysis of parotid tumours in patients over 60-years-old: A retrospective study of 78 cases. Int J Gerontol 2017;11:114-7
27. Gao M, Hao Y, Huang MX, et al. Salivary gland tumours in a Northern Chinese population: a 50-years retrospective study of 7190 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;46:343-9.
28. Sentani K, Ogawa I, Ozasa K. Characteristics of 5015 Salivary Gland Neoplasms Registered in the Hiroshima Tumor Tissue Registry over a Period of 39 Years. J. Clin Med 2019;8:566-78.
29. Shrestha S, Pandey G, Pun CB, et al. Histopathological Pattern of Salivary Gland Tumors. J Pathol Nepal 2014;4:520-4.
30. Shah SA, Riaz U, Zubair M, et al. Surgical Presentation and Outcome of Parotid Gland Tumours. J ColL Physicians Surg Pak 2013;23:625-8
31. Liao WC, Chih-Chao CC, Ma H, et al. Salivary Gland Tumours: A clinicopathologic analysis from Taipei veterans general hospital. Ann Plast Surg 2020;84:26- 33.
32. Titiloye NA, Duduyemi BM, Okai I, et al. Histopathological analysis of salivary gland biopsies in Kumasi: An 8 year retrospective study. J Med Med Sci 2017;8:88-94.
33. Illé S, Timi N, Mahamane Moussa R, et al. Tumors of the parotid gland: epidemiological, clinical, and histological features. Health Sci Dis 2016;17:63-6.
34. Onotai LO, Opara K. A review of parotid gland tumours in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Otolaryngol 2015;5:109-17.
35. Bouaity B, Darouassi Y, Chihani M, et al. Predictors of malignancy in the management of parotid tumors: about 76 cases. Pan Afr Med J 2016;23:112.
36. Diom ES, Thiam A, Tall A, et al. Profile of parotid gland tumours: Experience of 93 cases over a period of 16 years. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2015;132:9-12.
37. van Lierop AC, Fagan J. Parotidectomy in Cape Town - a review of pathology and management. South Afr J Surg 2007;45:96-103.
38. Masanja MI, Kalyanyama BM, Simon ENM. Salivary Gland Tumours in Tanzania. East Afri Med J 2003;80:429-34.
39. Hill AG. Major Salivary gland tumours in a rural Kenyan hospital. East Afri Med J 2002;79:8-10.
40. Sadetzki S, Oberman B, Mandelzweig L, et al. Smoking and Risk of Parotid Gland Tumors: A Nationalwide Case-Control Study. Cancer 2008;112:1974-82.