Nedenleri ve Sonuçlarıyla Doğum Korkusu

Doğum eylemi tamamen kontrol altında tutulamayan ve sonucu önceden tahmin edilemeyen bir süreç olduğu için, çoğu kadın gebelik döneminde doğum eylemine yönelik korku yaşayabilir. Doğum sırasında kadının kendisinin ya da bebeğinin sağlığının tehlikeye girme olasılığı ve doğum ağrısı korkunun en önemli nedenleri arasındadır. Doğum korkusunun düzeyi hafiften şiddetliye kadar değişiklik gösterebilir. Şiddetli düzeydeki bir korku doğum eylemini olumsuz etkileyen bir faktör olduğu için, kadının gebelik döneminde bu kokusuyla baş etmeyi öğrenmesi önemlidir. Bu derlemede doğum korkusunun yaygınlığı, nedenleri ve sonuçları güncel bilgiler ışığında tartışılarak, doğum öncesi ve doğum hizmetlerinde sorumluluğu olan sağlık çalışanlarının konuya dikkatini çekmek amaçlanmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Doğum, Korku, Obstetrik Doğum Komplikasyonları

Fear of Childbirth, With Causes And Consequences

Given that childbirth is not a completely controllable process whose results cannot be entirely predicted, during their pregnancy most women may experience fear of delivery. The possibility of danger to the woman's self or the child, and that of pain during delivery are among the main reasons for this fear. Fear of childbirth may manifest itself in degrees varying from mild to severe. Severe fear is a factor negatively affecting delivery; it is therefore important for pregnant women to learn cope with such fears.This review intends to discuss the extent, reasons and consequences of tocophobia according to current knowledge, to increase awareness among health care personnel in charge of prenatal services and assisting delivery

Keywords:

Childbirth, Fear, Obstetric Labor Complications,

PDF

___

Köroğlu E. Kaygılarımız Korkularımız. Ankara: HYB Yayıncılık; 2006. p.1-40.
Cengiz Y. Korkuları Yenmek Paniği Atlatmak. İstanbul: Delta Yayınları; 2006. p.1-24.
Rathfisch G. Doğal Doğum Felsefesi. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2012. p.1-24.
Townsend MC. Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based Practice. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company; 2011. p.6-437.
Olsson A, Nearing KI, Phelps EA. Learning Fears by Observing Others: The Neural Systems of Social Fear Transmission. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2007; 2(1): 1- 9.
Alkın T, Onur E. Anksiyete Kavramı ve Anksiyete Bozukluklarına Genel Bakış. Köroğlu E, Güleç C, (editörler). Psikiyatri Temel Kitabı. Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği; 2007. p. 296-303.
Fenwick J, Gamble J, Nathan E, Bayes S, Hauck Y. Pre- and Postpartum Levels of Childbirth Fear and the Relationship to Birth Outcomes in a Cohort of Australian Women. J Clin Nurs 2009; 18(5): 667-77.
Fisher C, Hauck Y, Fenwick J. How Social Context Impacts on Women’s Fears of Childbirth: A Western Australian Example. Soc Sci Med 2006; 63(1): 64-75.
Rouhe H, Salmela-Aro K, Toivanen R, Tokola M, Halmesmäki E, Saisto T. Obstetric Outcome After Intervention for Severe Fear of Childbirth in Nulliparous Women – Randomised Trial. BJOG 2013; 120(1): 75-84.
Kjærgaard H, Wijma K, Dykes A‐K, Alehagen S. Fear of Childbirth in Obstetrically Low‐Risk Nulliparous Women in Sweden and Denmark. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2008; 26(4): 340-50.
Geissbuehler V, Eberhard J. Fear of Childbirth During Pregnancy: A Study of more than 8000 Pregnant Women. J Psychosom Obstet Cynecol 2002; 23(4): 229-35.
Alessandra S, Roberta L. Tokophobia: When Fear of Childbirth Prevails. Mediter J Clin Psychol 2013; 1(1): 1-18.
Bakshi R, Mehta A, Mehta A, Sharma B. Tokophobia: Fear of Pregnancy and Childbirth. Internet J Gynecol Obstet 2008; 10(1): 9.
Hofberg K, Ward M. Fear of Childbirth, Tocophobia, and Mental Health in Mothers: The Obstetric- Psychiatric Interface. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2004; 47(3): 527-34. 15. Hofberg K, Brockington IF. Tokophobia: An Unreasoning Dread of Childbirth: A Series of 26 Cases. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 176(1): 83-5.
Hofberg K, Ward M. Fear of Pregnancy and Childbirth. Postgrad Med J 2003; 79(935): 505-10.
Stoll KH, Hall W. Childbirth Education and Obstetric Interventions Among Low-Risk Canadian Women: Is There a Connection? J Perinat Educ 2012; 21(4): 229- 37.
Nieminen K, Stephansson O, Ryding EL. Women’s Fear of Childbirth and Preference for Cesarean Section –a Cross-Sectional Study at Various Stages of Pregnancy in Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol 2009; 88(7): 807-13.
Nerum H, Halvorsen L, Sİrlie T, Øian P. Maternal Request for Cesarean Section due to Fear of Birth: Can it be Changed Through Crisis-Oriented Counseling? Birth 2006; 33(3): 221-28.
Şahin N, Dinç H, Dişsiz M. Gebelerin Doğuma İlişkin Korkuları ve Etkileyen Faktörler. Zeynep Kamil Bülteni 2009; 40(2): 57-62.
Kitapçıoğlu G, Yanıkkerem E, Sevil Ü, Yüksel D. Gebelerde Dogum ve Postpartum Döneme İlişkin Endişeler; Bir Ölçek Geliştirme ve Validasyon Çalışması. ADÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2008; 9(1): 47- 54.
Laursen M, Johansen C, Hedegaard M. Fear of Childbirth and Risk for Birth Complications in Nulliparous Women in the Danish National Birth Cohort. BJOG 2009; 116(10): 1350-5.
Rouhe H, Salmela-Aro K, Halmesmäki E, Saisto T. Fear of Childbirth According to Parity, Gestational Age, and Obstetric History. BJOG 2009; 116(1): 67-73.
Saisto T, Halmesmaki E. Fear of Childbirth: A Neglected Dilemma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82(3): 201-8.
Spice K, Jones SL, Hadjistavropoulos HD, Kowalyk K, Stewart SH. Prenatal Fear of Childbirth and Anxiety Sensitivity. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2009; 30(3): 168-74.
Adams SS, Eberhard-Gran M, Eskild A. Fear of Childbirth and Duration of Labour: A Study of 2206 Women with Intended Vaginal Delivery. BJOG 2012; 119(10): 1238-46.
Nordeng H, Hansen C, Garthus-Niegel S, Eberhard- Gran M. Fear of Childbirth, Mental Health, and Medication Use During Pregnancy. Arch Womens Ment Health 2012; 15(3): 203-9.
Sjögren B. Reasons for Anxiety about Childbirth in 100 Pregnant Women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 18(4): 266-72.
Saisto T, Ylikorkala O, Halmesmaki E. Factors Associated with Fear of Delivery in Second Pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94(5): 679-82.
Ryding EL. Investigation of 33 Women who Demanded a Cesarean Section for Personal Reasons. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993; 72(4): 280-5.
Kabakian-Khasholian T. ‘My Pain was Stronger than my Happiness’: Experiences of Caesarean Births from Lebanon. Midwifery 2013; 29(11): 1251-6.
Chong ES, Mongelli M. Attitudes of Singapore Women Toward Cesarean and Vaginal Deliveries. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2003; 80(2): 189-94.
Sercekuş P, Okumuş H. Fears Associated with Childbirth Among Nulliparous Women in Turkey. Midwifery 2009; 25(2): 155-62.
Dursun P, Yanık FB, Zeyneloglu HB, Baser E, Kuscu E, Ayhan A. Why Women Request Cesarean Section Without Medical Indication? J Matern-Fetal Neonat Med 2011; 24(9): 1133-37.
Handelzalts JE, Fisher S, Lurie S, Shalev A, Golan A, Sadan O. Personality, Fear of Childbirth and Cesarean Delivery on Demand. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91(1): 16-21.
Ryding EL, Wirfelt E, Wangborg I, Sjögren B, Edman G. Personality and Fear of Childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol 2007; 86(7): 814-20.
Saisto T, Salmela-Aro K, Nurmi J, Halmesma E. Psychosocial Characteristics of Women and Their Partners Fearing Vaginal Childbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2001; 108(5): 492-8.
Andersson L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Bixo M, Wulff M, Bondestam K, Åström M. Point Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders During the Second Trimester of Pregnancy: A Population-Based Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189(1): 148-54.
Storksen HT, Eberhard-Gran M, Garthus-Niegel S, Eskild A. Fear of Childbirth; the Relation to Anxiety and Depression. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91(2): 237-42.
Boorman RJ, Devilly GJ, Gamble J, Creedy DK, Fenwick J. Childbirth and Criteria for Traumatic Events. Midwifery 2013; 30(2): 255-61.
Lev-Wiesel R, Daphna-Tekoah S, Hallak M. Childhood Sexual Abuse as a Predictor of Birth-related Posttraumatic Stress and Postpartum Posttraumatic Stres. Child Abuse Negl 2009; 33(12): 877-87.
Wiklund I, Andolf E, Lilja H, Hildingsson I. Indications for Cesarean Section on Maternal Request-Guidelines for Counseling and Treatment. Sex Reprod Healthc 2012; 3(3): 99-106.
Heimstad R, Dahloe R, Laache I, Skogvoll E, Schei B. Fear of Childbirth and History of Abuse: Implications for Pregnancy and Delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol 2006; 85(4): 435-40.
Laursen M, Hedegaard M, Johansen C. Fear of Childbirth: Predictors and Temporal Changes Among Nulliparous Women in the Danish. National Birth Cohort BJOG 2008; 115(3): 354-60.
Stİrksen HT, Garthus-Niegel S, Vangen S, Eberhard- Gran M. The Impact of Previous Birth Experiences on Maternal Fear of Childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92(3): 318-24.
Sydsjö G, Angerbjörn L, Palmquist S, Bladh M, Sydsjö A, Josefsson A. Secondary Fear of Childbirth Prolongs the Time to Subsequent Delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92(2): 210-4.
Reck C, Zimmer K, Dubber S, Zipser B, Schlehe B, Gawlik S. The Influence of General Anxiety and Childbirth-Specific Anxiety on Birth Outcome. Arch Womens Ment Health 2013; 16(5): 363-69.
Sydsjö G, Sydsjö A, Gunnervik C, Bladh M, Josefsson A. Obstetric Outcome for Women who Received Individualized Treatment for Fear of Childbirth During Pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91(1): 44-9.
Sluijs A, Cleiren MPHD, Scherjon SA, Wijma K. No Relationship Pregnancy-/Delivery-Outcome in a Low-Risk Dutch Pregnancy Cohort Delivering at Home or in Hospital. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2012; 33(3): 99-105. and
Johnson R, Slade P. Does Fear of Childbirth During Pregnancy Predict Emergency Caesarean Section? BJOG: an Int J Obstet Gynaecol 2002; 109(11): 1213- 21.