Oral Premalign Lezyonların Teşhis Yöntemleri

Malign neoplazmlar arasında yer alan ağız kanserleri, önemli derecede morbidite ve mortalite sebebidir. Oral kavite ve boyunda görülen malign tümörler, bütün malign tümörlerin yaklaşık %4’ünü oluşturur. Oral kanserli veya oral premalign lezyonlu birçok hasta, lezyonlar teşhis edildiğinde sıklıkla asemptomatiktir. Oral kavitenin premalign ve erken dönemde olan malign lezyonlarının belirlenmesi, bu lezyonların ilerlemesini veya kanserlere dönüşümünü engelleyecek tedavi seçeneklerine fırsat verecektir. Oral kavitenin inspeksiyonu, benign lezyonların premalign ve malign lezyonlardan ayırt edilmesinde genellikle tek başına yeterli olmaz. Bu nedenle, premalign ve malign lezyonların benign lezyonlardan ayırt edilmesini kolaylaştırmak ve oral mukoza muayenesini geliştirmek amacıyla bazı yeni teknikler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, oral premalign lezyonların teşhis yöntemleri ve bu yöntemlerin avantaj ve dezavantajları hakkında literatür eşliğinde bilgi vermektir

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Ağız Kanserleri, Prekanseröz Durumlar, Kanserin Erken Tespiti

Diagnostic Techniques of Oral Premalignant Lesions

In malign neoplasms, oral cancer is one of the significant causes of mortality and morbidity. Approximately 4%of all malignant tumors in people appear in the neck and oral cavity. The detection of premalignant and early malignant lesions of the oral cavity allows for treatment that may be adequately early to prevent their progression to invasive carcinoma. Visual inspection of the oral cavity alone cannot always distinguish benign from premalignant and malignant lesions. So, some new techniques have been developed to improve the oral mucosal examination and facilitating the detection of and distinctions between oral benign and oral premalignant and malignant lesions. The purpose of this review article is to present the detection techniques for early diagnosis of potential cancerous lesions and the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques in the light of the literature

Keywords:

Oral cancer, Precancerous conditions, Early detection of cancer,

PDF

___

1. Johnson NW, Warnakulasuriya S, Gupta PC, Dimba E, Chindia M, Otoh EC, Sankaranarayanan R, Califano J, Kowalski L. Global oral health inequalities in incidence and outcomes for oral cancer: causes and solutions. Adv Dent Res. 2011; 23(2): 237-46.
2. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; 62(1): 10-29.
3. Baranovsky A, Myers MH. Cancer incidence and survival in patients 65 years of age and older. CA Cancer J Clin 1986; 36(1): 26-41.
4. Amagasa T, Yamashiro M, Ishikawa H. Oral leukoplakia related malignant transformation. Oral Sci Int 2006; 3(2): 45-55.
5. Kramer IR, Lucas RB, Pindborg JJ, Sobin LH. Definition of leukoplakia and related lesions: an aid to studies on oral precancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1978; 46(4): 518-39.
6. Pindborg JJ, Wahi PN. Histological typing of cancer and precancer of the oral mucosa. 2nd ed. Berlin ; New York: Springer. 1997.
7. Barnes L, Eveson J, Reichart P, Sidransky D. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Head and Neck Tumours. Press I, editor. New Delhi, India: Int Agency Res Cancer 2005.
8. Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med 2007; 36(10): 575-80.
9. Yücetaş Ş. Ağız ve çevre dokusu hastalıkları. 1 ed. Kitapçılık A, editor. Ankara: Atlas Kitapçılık. 2005.
10. Türker M, Yücetaş Ş. Ağız, diş, çene hastalıkları ve cerrahisi. 3 ed. Ankara: Atlas Kitapçılık. 2008.
11. Nair DR, Pruthy R, Pawar U, Chaturvedi P. Oral cancer: Premalignant conditions and screening--an update. J Cancer Res Ther 2012; 8 Suppl 1: S57-66.
12. Patton LL, Epstein JB, Kerr AR. Adjunctive techniques for oral cancer examination and lesion diagnosis: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008; 139(7): 896-905; quiz 93-4.
13. Su WW, Yen AM, Chiu SY, Chen TH. A communitybased RCT for oral cancer screening with toluidine blue. J Dent Res 2010; 89(9): 933-7.
14. Kao SY, Chu YW, Chen YW, Chang KW, Liu TY. Detection and screening of oral cancer and precancerous lesions. J Chin Med Assoc 2009; 72(5): 227- 33.
15. Mashberg A, Feldman LJ. Clinical criteria for identifying early oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma: erythroplasia revisited. Am J Surg 1988; 156(4): 273-5.
16. Scully C, Bagan JV, Hopper C, Epstein JB. Oral cancer: current and future diagnostic techniques. Am J Dent 2008; 21(4): 199-209.
17. Messadi DV. Diagnostic aids for detection of oral precancerous conditions. Int J Oral Sci 2013; 5(2): 59- 65.
18. Epstein JB, Guneri P. The adjunctive role of toluidine blue in detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 17(2): 79-87.
19. Awan K, Yang Y, Morgan P, Warnakulasuriya S. Utility of toluidine blue as a diagnostic adjunct in the detection of potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity--a clinical and histological assessment. Oral Dis 2012; 18(8): 728-33.
20. Cancela-Rodriguez P, Cerero-Lapiedra R, EsparzaGomez G, Llamas-Martinez S, Warnakulasuriya S. The use of toluidine blue in the detection of pre-malignant and malignant oral lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 40(4): 300-4.
21. Mehrotra R, Hullmann M, Smeets R, Reichert TE, Driemel O. Oral cytology revisited. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38(2): 161-6.
22. Rethman MP, Carpenter W, Cohen EE, Epstein J, Evans CA, Flaitz CM, Graham FJ, Hujoel PP, Kalmar JR, Koch WM, Lambert PM, Lingen MW, Oettmeier BW, Jr., Patton LL, Perkins D, Reid BC, Sciubba JJ, Tomar SL, Wyatt AD, Jr., Aravamudhan K, FrantsveHawley J, Cleveland JL, Meyer DM. Evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding screening for oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Am Dent Assoc 2010; 141(5): 509-20.
23. Trullenque-Eriksson A, Munoz-Corcuera M, CampoTrapero J, Cano-Sanchez J, Bascones-Martinez A. Analysis of new diagnostic methods in suspicious lesions of the oral mucosa. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2009; 14(5): E210-6.
24. Seijas-Naya F, Garcia-Carnicero T, Gandara-Vila P, Couso-Folgueiras E, Perez-Sayans M, Gandara-Vila R, Garcia-Garcia A, Gandara-Rey JM. Applications of OralCDx(R) methodology in the diagnosis of oral leukoplakia. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2012; 17(1): e5-9.
25. Bhoopathi V, Mascarenhas AK. Effectiveness of oral surgeons compared with OralCDx brush biopsy in diagnosing oral dysplastic lesions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 69(2): 428-31.
26. Huber MA, Bsoul SA, Terezhalmy GT. Acetic acid wash and chemiluminescent illumination as an adjunct to conventional oral soft tissue examination for the detection of dysplasia: a pilot study. Quintessence Int 2004; 35(5): 378-84.
27. Kerr AR, Sirois DA, Epstein JB. Clinical evaluation of chemiluminescent lighting: an adjunct for oral mucosal examinations. J Clin Dent 2006; 17(3): 59-63.
28. Epstein JB, Gorsky M, Lonky S, Silverman S, Jr., Epstein JD, Bride M. The efficacy of oral lumenoscopy (ViziLite) in visualizing oral mucosal lesions. Spec Care in Dentist 2006; 26(4): 171-4.
29. McIntosh L, McCullough MJ, Farah CS. The assessment of diffused light illumination and acetic acid rinse (Microlux/DL) in the visualisation of oral mucosal lesions. Oral Oncol 2009; 45(12): e227-31.
30. Sharma N, Mubeen. Non -invasive diagnostic tools in early detection of oral epithelial dysplasia. J Clin Exp Dent 2011; 3(3): 184-8.
31. Mehrotra R, Singh M, Thomas S, Nair P, Pandya S, Nigam NS, Shukla P. A cross-sectional study evaluating chemiluminescence and autofluorescence in the detection of clinically innocuous precancerous and cancerous oral lesions. J Am Dent Assoc 2010; 141(2): 151-6.
32. Awan KH, Morgan PR, Warnakulasuriya S. Utility of chemiluminescence (ViziLite) in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders and benign keratoses. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 40(7): 541-4.
33. Lingen MW, Kalmar JR, Karrison T, Speight PM. Critical evaluation of diagnostic aids for the detection of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2008; 44(1): 10-22.
34. Vigneswaran N, Koh S, Gillenwater A. Incidental detection of an occult oral malignancy with autofluorescence imaging: a case report. Head Neck Oncol 2009; 1:37.
35. Balevi B. Evidence-based decision making: should the general dentist adopt the use of the VELscope for routine screening for oral cancer? J Can Dent Assoc 2007; 73(7): 603-6.
36. Lane PM, Gilhuly T, Whitehead P, Zeng H, Poh CF, Ng S, Williams PM, Zhang L, Rosin MP, MacAulay CE. Simple device for the direct visualization of oral-cavity tissue fluorescence. J Biomed Opt 2006; 11(2): 024006.
37. Awan KH, Morgan PR, Warnakulasuriya S. Evaluation of an autofluorescence based imaging system (VELscope) in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders and benign keratoses. Oral Oncol 2011; 47(4): 274-7.
38. Kois JC, Truelove E. Detecting oral cancer: a new technique and case reports. Dent Today 2006; 25(10): 94, 6-7.
39. Roblyer D, Kurachi C, Stepanek V, Williams MD, ElNaggar AK, Lee JJ, Gillenwater AM, Richards-Kortum R. Objective detection and delineation of oral neoplasia using autofluorescence imaging. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2(5): 423-31.
40. Mendes SF, de Oliveira Ramos G, Rivero ER, Modolo F, Grando LJ, Meurer MI. Techniques for precancerous lesion diagnosis. J Oncol 2011; 2011: 326094.
41. Folkman J, Watson K, Ingber D, Hanahan D. Induction of angiogenesis during the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia. Nature 1989; 339(6219): 58-61.
42. Schwarz RA, Gao W, Redden Weber C, Kurachi C, Lee JJ, El-Naggar AK, Richards-Kortum R, Gillenwater AM. Noninvasive evaluation of oral lesions using depth-sensitive optical spectroscopy. Cancer 2009; 115(8): 1669-79.
43. Lane P, Follen M, MacAulay C. Has fluorescence spectroscopy come of age? A case series of oral precancers and cancers using white light, fluorescent light at 405 nm, and reflected light at 545 nm using the Trimira Identafi 3000. Gend Med 2012; 9(1 Suppl): S25-35.
44. Forde MD, Koka S, Eckert SE, Carr AB, Wong DT. Systemic assessments utilizing saliva: part 1 general considerations and current assessments. Int J Prosthodont 2006; 19(1): 43-52.
45. Pesce MA, Spitalnik SL. Saliva and the clinical pathology laboratory. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007; 1098: 192-9.
46. Li Y, St John MA, Zhou X, Kim Y, Sinha U, Jordan RC, Eisele D, Abemayor E, Elashoff D, Park NH, Wong DT. Salivary transcriptome diagnostics for oral cancer detection. Clin C Res 2004; 10(24): 8442-50.
47. Wong DT. Towards a simple, saliva-based test for the detection of oral cancer 'oral fluid (saliva), which is the mirror of the body, is a perfect medium to be explored for health and disease surveillance'. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2006; 6(3): 267-72.
48. Wong DT. Salivary diagnostics powered by nanotechnologies, proteomics and genomics. J Am Dent Assoc 2006; 137(3): 313-21.
49. Yang Y, Li YX, Yang X, Jiang L, Zhou ZJ, Zhu YQ. Progress risk assessment of oral premalignant lesions with saliva miRNA analysis. BMC Cancer 2013; 13: 129.
50. Ayinampudi BK, Narsimhan M. Salivary copper and zinc levels in oral pre-malignant and malignant lesions. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2012; 16(2): 178-82.