ANTİBİYOTİK ARAYIŞINDA FOTOANTİMİKROBİYALLER VE FOTODİNAMİK ANTİMİKROBİYAL TEDAVİ

Enfeksiyon hastalıkları, insanlardaki ölüm nedenleri arasında hala ilk sıralarda yer almaktadır. Enfeksiyon hastalıklarında kullanılan antibiyotiklere karşı son yıllarda hızla gelişen direnç bu hastalıkların tedavisini güçleştirmektedir. Bu dirence rağmen yeni antibiyotiklerin keşfi ve geliştirilmesi aynı hızla devam edememektedir. Bu nedenle antibiyotiklere direnç kazanan mikroorganizmalara karşı antimikrobiyal stratejiler geliştirmek zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Fotodinamik antimikrobiyal tedavi bakteriler, virüsler, mantarlar ve parazitlerin neden olduğu enfeksiyonların tedavisinde uygulanan non-invazif bir yaklaşım olup, mikroorganizmada hücre içi organelleri ve biyomolekülleri fotohasar yoluyla etkileyerek sitotoksik etki meydana getirmektedir. Bu yöntemde fotosensitizer bir bileşiğin uygun dalga boyundaki bir ışıkla uyarılması sonucu oksidatif hasar oluşturularak (reaktif oksijen türleri (ROS) ve tekil (singlet) oksijen gibi) mikroorganizma hücrelerinin öldürülmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu yaklaşım geleneksel direnç mekanizmalarını ortadan kaldırarak, direnç gelişmesini engellemektedir. Son yıllarda antibiyotik direnç sorununa farklı bir çözüm olarak gösterilerin fotodinamik antimikrobiyal tedaviye olan ilgi artmış ve enfeksiyonların tedavisinde kullanılabilecek yeni ilaç arayışları hız kazanmıştır

Photoantimicrobials and Photodynamic Antimicrobial Therapy in Search of Antibiotics

Infectious diseases are still among the leading causes of death in humans. Recently, growing resistance against antibiotics used in infectious diseases complicated the treatment of these diseases. Despite this resistance, the discovery and development of new antibiotics could not continue simultaneously. Therefore, the development of antimicrobial strategies has become necessary against microorganisms which gained resistance to antibiotics. Photodynamic antimicrobial therapy is a non-invasive approach for treatment of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. It causes cytotoxic effect by photodamage of intracellular organelles and biomolecules in microorganism.This method aims to kill microorganism cells by creating oxidative damage (such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and singlet oxygen) as a result of inducting a photosensitizer compound with a light of appropriate wavelength. This approach prevents resistance development by abolishing traditional resistance mechanisms. In recent years, as a different solution to the problem of antibiotic resistance, the interest in photodynamic antimicrobial treatment has increased and the search for new drugs that can be used in the treatment of infections has accelerated

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