Mehmet Mesut ÇELEBİ, Ali Murat ZERGEROĞLU

Isınma ve Germe Egzersizlerinin Propriosepsiyon ve Denge Üzerine Etkisi

Çalısmalara bakıldığında ısınmanın genel olarak dengeye olumlu katkı sağladığını, germe egzersizlerinin de dengeyi düzelttiği söylenebilir. Bununla birlikte bazı çalısmalarda germenin dengeyi bozduğu veya denge üzerinde etkisinin olmadığı görülmüstür. Germe egzersizlerinin propriosepsiyon üzerindeki etkilerine bakıldığında birçok çalısmada genel olarak germenin propiosepsiyonu olumlu etkilediği, bazı çalısmalar da ise propriosepsiyon ve eklem pozisyon hissi üzerinde etkisi olmadığı belirtilmektedir. Isınmanın da propriosepsiyonu olumlu etkilediğine dair çalısmalar bulunmaktadır. Bundan sonra yapılacak çalısmalarda genel olarak spor sahalarında uygulanan germe sürelerinin kullanılması daha uygun olacaktır. Çalısmalar dizayn edilirken germe sürelerinin, sporcuların ısınırken uyguladıkları germe sürelerine benzer süreler kullanılması, ayrıca çalısmaların kontrollü ve randomize olarak dizayn edilmeleri, farklı yas gruplarının birbiriyle karsılastırılması ve farklı fiziksel uygunluktaki gruplar arasında karsılastırma yapılması uygun olacaktır.

The Effects of Warm Ups and Stretching Exercises on Balance and Proprioception

For this review, the pubmed database was searched using terms warm up, stretching, balance and proprioception. In the literature, warm up and stretching are considered to have a generally positive effect on balance and proprioception, while few studies show that warm up and stretching have no effect or negative effect on balance and proprioception. In the future studies, the use of the stretching period as applied in the sports fields will be more appropriate. While designing studies, it will be proper to use stretching times similar to stretching times applied by athletes while warming up, as well as to design the activities in a controlled and randomized manner, and compare different age groups to each other and to those with different physical fitness conditions.

PDF

___

1. Malone TR, Garrett WE, Zachazewski EJ. Athletic ınjuries and rehabilitation. Zachazewski EJ, David JM, Quillen WS. (Ed): Muscle: Deformation, Injury, Repair. Philadelphia. W.B. Saunders Company. 1996; 71-91.
2. Best TM, William EG: Warming Up and Cooling Down. Renström, P.A.F.H. (Ed). Sports injuries. Oxford. 1993; 242-261.
3. Kuter M, Ergen E, Yazıcıoğlu M. Isınmanın anaerobik ölçümler üzerine etkileri. Spor bilimleri 1. Ulusal sempozyumu bildiriler. 1990; 484-487.
4. Guyton AC. Duyu reseptörleri ve temel iş- leme mekanizmaları. Tıbbi Fizyoloji, 9. Baskı, Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; İstanbul 1996; 815-826.
5. Aydın T, Kalyon TA. Omuz eklemi Propriosepsiyonu. Fiziksel Tıp 1998; (2)2: 58- 63.
6. Behm DG, Chaouachi A. A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 2633-2651.
7. Anderson B, Burke E. Scientific, medical, and practical aspects of stretching. Jesse, C. DeeLee, David Drez (ed): Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. Volume 1. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company 1996; 258-275.
8. De Bruyn-Prevost P. The effect of various warming up intensities and duration upon some physiological variables during an exercise corresponding to the WC170. Eur J Appl Physiol 1980; 43: 93-100.
9. Safran MR, Garrett WE, Seaber AV, et al. The role of warmup in muscular injury prevention. Am J Sports Med 1988; 16(2): 123-129.
10. Kalyon TA. Antrenman. Spor Hekimliği. Ankara: GATA Basımevi. 1995; 99-111.
11. Shellock FG, Prentice WE. Warming-up and stretching for improved physical performance and prevention of sports-related injuries. Sports Med 1985; 2 (4): 267-278.
12. Strickler T, Malone T, Garrett WE. The effects of passive warming on muscle injury. Am J Sports Med 1990; 18(2): 141- 145.
13. Bishop D. Warm-up II: performance changes following active warm-up and how to structure the warm-up. Sports Med 2003; 33(7): 483-498.
14. Sargeant AJ. Effect of muscle temperature on leg extension force and short-term power output in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 1987; 56(6): 693-698.
15. Karvonen J. Importance of warm up and cool down on exercise performance. In: Karvonen J, Lemon PWR, Iliev I, editors. Medicine and sports training and coaching. Basel: Karger. 1992; 190-213.
16. Ross A, Leveritt M. Long-term metabolic and skeletal muscle adaptations to shortsprint training: implications for sprint training and tapering. Sports Med 2001; 31: 1063-1082.
17. Andrews JR. Physical rehabilitation of the injured athlete. Harrelson G. L., Deidre Leaver-Dunn Range of Motion and flexibility. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1998; 146-174.
18. Norris CM. Flexibility. Training Principles. A&C Black- London. 1995; 40-48.
19. Taylor DC, Dalton DJ, Seaber AV, et al. Viscoelastic properties of muscle-tendon units. Am J Sports Med 1990; 18(3): 300- 309.
20. Gleim GW, McHugh MP. Flexibility and its effects on sports injury and performance. Sports Med 1997; 24(5): 289-299.
21. Shrier I, Gossal K. Myths and Truths of Stretching. The Physıcıan and Sportsmedicine 2000; 28(8): 57-63.
22. Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, et al. Mechanical and physiological responses to stretching with and without preisometric contraction in human skeletal muscle. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77: 373-378.
23. Roll JP, Bergenheim M, Ciscar ER. Proprioceptive population coding of two-dimensional limb movements in humans: II. muscule-spindle feedback during "drawing-like" movements. Exp Brain Res 2000;134: 311-321.
24. Lephart SM, Pincivero DM, Giraldo JL, et al. The role of proprioception in the management and rehabilitation of athletic injuries. Am J Sports Med 1997; 25(1): 130- 137.
25. Jerosch J, Prymka M. Proprioception and joint stability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1996; 4: 171-179.
26. Daneshjoo A, Mokhtar AH, Rahmana N, et al. The effects of comprehensive warm up programs on proprioception, static and dynamic balance on male soccer players. PloS One 2012; 7(12): e51568.
27. Madding SW, Wong JG, Hallum A, et al. Effect of duration of passive stretch on hip abduction range of motion. JOSPT 1987; 8(8): 409-416.
28. Pope RP, Herbert RD, Kirwan JD, et al. A randomized trial of preexercise stretching for prevention of lower-limb injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32(2): 271-277.
29. Williford HN, East JB, Smith FH, et al. Evaluation of Warm-up for improvement in flexibility. Am J Sports Med 1986; 14(4): 316-319.
30. Bishop D. Warm up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sports Med 2003; 33: 439-454.
31. Enoka RM. Acute adaptations. In: Enoka RM, editor. Neuromechanical basis of ki- Journal of Ankara University Faculty of Medicine 2017, 70 (2) Mehmet Mesut Çelebi, Ali Murat Zergeroğlu 89 nesiology. 2nd ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics. 1994; 271-302.
32. Proske V, Morgan DL, Gregory JE. Thixotropy in skeletal muscle spindles: a review. Prog Neurobiol 1993; 41: 705-772.
33. Wiktorsson-Moller M, Öberg B, Ekstrand J, et al. Effects of warming up, massage, and stretching on range of motion and muscle strength in the lower extremity. Am J Sports Med 1983; 11(4): 249-252.
34. Magalhaes T, Ribeiro F, Pinheiro A, et al. Warming-up before sporting activity improves knee position sense. Phys Ther Sport 2010; 11: 86-90.
35. Subaşı SS, Gelecek N, Aksakoglu G. Effects of different warm-up periods on knee proprioception and balance in healthy young individuals. J Sport Rehab 2008;17: 186-205.
36. Bartlett MJ, Warren PJ. Effect of warming up on knee proprioception before sporting activity Br J Sports Med 2002; 36: 132- 134.
37. Salgado E, Ribeiro F, Oliveira J. Joint-position sense is altered by football pre-participation warm-up exercise and match induced fatigue. Knee Jun 2015; 22(3): 243- 248.
38. Romero-Franco N, Jimenez-Reyes P. Unipedal Postural Balance and Counter movement Jumps After a Warm-up and Plyometric Training Session: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res Nov 2015; 29(11): 3216-3222.
39. Means KM, Rodell DE, O'Sullivan PS, et al. Rehabilitation of elderly fallers: Pilot study of low to moderate intensity exercise program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77: 1030-1036.
40. Fradkin AJ, Zazryn TR, Smoliga JM. Effects of warming-up on physical performance: A systematic review with metaanalysis. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2010; 24: 140-148.
41. Handrakis JP, Southard VN, Abreu JM, et al. Static stretching does not impair performance in active middle-aged adults. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24(3): 825-830.
42. Lewis NL, Brismee JM, James CR, et al. The Effect of Stretching on Muscle Responses and Postural Sway Responses During Computerized Dynamic Posturography in Women and Men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009; 90: 455-462.
43. Behm DG, Bambury A, Cahill F, et al. Effect of acute static stretching on force, balance, reaction time, and movement time. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36(8): 1397- 1402.
44. Nagano A, Yoshioka S, Hay DC, et al. Influence of vision and static stretch of the calf muscles on postural sway during quiet standing. Human Mov Sci 2006; 25(3): 422-434.
45. Morrin N, Redding E. Acute Effects of Warm-up Stretch Protocols on Balance, Vertical Jump Height, and Range of Motion in Dancers. Journal of Dance Medicine and Science 2013;17(1): 34-40.
46. Costa PB, Grave BS, Whitehurst M, et al. The acute effects of different durations of static stretching on dynamic balance performance. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23(1): 141-147.
47. Nelson AG, Kokkonen J, Arnall DA, et al. Acute Stretching Increases Postural Stability In Nonbalance Trained Individulas. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2012; 26(11): 3095-3100.
48. Belkhiria-Turki L, Chaouachi A, Turki O, et al. Greater volumes of static and dynamic stretching within a warm-up do not impair star excursion balance performance. J Sports Med Physical Fitness 2014; 54: 279-288.
49. Bird ML, Hill K, Ball M, et al. Effects of Resistance- and Flexibility- Exercise Interventions on Balance and Related Measures in Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act 2009; 17(4): 444-454.
50. Kim K, Lee T, Kang G, et al. The Effects of Diverse Warm-up Exercises on Balance. J. Phys. Ther. Sci 2014; 26: 1601- 1603.
51. Celebi MM, Zergeroglu AM. Isınma ve germe egzersizlerinin propriosepsiyon üzerine etkisi. Uzmanlık tezi. 2001; Ankara.
52. Larsen R, Lund H, Christensen R, et al. Effect of static stretching of quadriceps and hamstring muscles on knee joint position sense. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41: 684- 687.
53. Torres R, Duarte JA, Cabri JMH. An acute bout of quadriceps muscle stretching has no influence on knee joint proprioception. Journal of Human Kinetics Oct 2012; 34(1):33-39.
54. Ghaffarinejad F, Taghizadeh S, Mohammadi F. Effect of static stretching of muscles surrounding the knee on knee joint position sense. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41: 684-687.
55. Gribble PA, Hertel J. Considerations for normalizing measures of the star excursion balance test. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci 2003; 7: 89-100.
56. Kato Y, Ikata T, Takai H et al. Effects of specific warm-up at various intensities on energy metabolism during subsequent exercise. J Sports Med and Phys Fit 2000; 40: 126-130.
57. Cho SH, Kim SH. Immediate effect of stretching and ultrasound on hamstring flexibility and proprioception. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28(6): 1806-1808.
58. Ebben WP, Hintz MJ, Simenz CJ. Strength and conditioning practices of Major League Baseball strength and conditioning coaches. J Strength Cond Res 2005; 19: 538-546.