Aşıların Tarihçesi ve Yeni Aşı Stratejileri

1796 yılında Edward Jenner ile başlayan aşı serüveni, tıp tarihinin en büyük küresel başarılarından biri olarak kabul edilmekte ve günümüzde her yıl aşılama ile 2-3 milyon insanın hayatı kurtarılmaktadır. Bu gerçeğe rağmen yine her yıl tüm dünyada 1,5 milyondan fazla insan aşı ile önlenebilir hastalıklar yüzünden kaybedilmektedir. Günümüzde uluslararası hareketliliğin artışının bir getirisi olarak enfeksiyon hastalıkları sınır tanımamaktadır. Tüm dünya buna en son 2019 yılının sonunda Çin’in Wuhan kentinde ortaya çıkan şiddetli akut solunum sendromu koronavirüs-2 salgının kısa bir süre içerisinde pandemiye dönüşmesi ile tanık olmuştur. Bu ve benzeri yeni ortaya çıkan ve henüz aşısı olmayan enfeksiyon hastalıkları olduğu gibi, yadsınamaz başarılarına rağmen mevcut aşı teknolojilerinin önleyemediği ve dünya genelinde mortalitenin büyük payını oluşturan başka enfeksiyon hastalıkları da bulunmaktadır. Bu hastalıklara karşı çok yönlü aşı geliştirme çalışmaları sürdürülmekte ve temel olarak yeni dağıtım platformları, yeni adjuvanlar, antijen sunumunda yeni yaklaşımlar ve yeni kararlı, etkin antijen üretimi alanlarına yoğunlaşılmaktadır. Bu derlemede öncelikle aşının tarih boyunca gelişiminden kısaca bahsedilecek daha sonra aşı çalışmalarında yer alan yeni tasarım/teknolojilere, dağıtım platformlarına ve uygulama yollarına değinilecektir.

History of Vaccines and New Vaccine Strategies

Edward Jenner’s invention of vaccination in 1796 has been considered as one of the greatest accomplishments in the history of medicine and vaccination currently prevents 2 to 3 million deaths every year. Despite this, more than 1,5 million people worldwide die from vaccine-preventable diseases each year. In today’s increasingly mobile lifestyle, infectious diseases know no boundaries. The most recent example to this is the fact that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 which originated in Wuhan, China has become the reason of a global pandemic in a very short time. As well as these and similar infectious diseases that have emerged and have not yet been vaccinated, there are other infectious diseases that existing vaccine technologies cannot prevent despite their undeniable success and constitute a large share of mortality worldwide. Versatile vaccine development studies are being done against these diseases and fields of new delivery platforms, new adjuvants, new approaches in antigen presentation and new stable and efficient antigen production are being focused on. In this review, firstly, the developmental history of vaccine is mentioned briefly and new designs and technologies, distribution platforms and application methods in vaccine studies are explained.

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