Demokrasi tartışmalarında sınır aşan bir kavramlaştırma denemesi: "Kırılgan demokrasiler" ve Belçika örneği
Kırılgan demokrasiler, demokratik pekişmişlik seviyesi veya demokrasinin farklı kurumsal görünümleri esas alınarak yapılan sınıflandırmalardan tümüyle bağımsız; bu sınıflandırmalarda işaret edilen modellerin hepsiyle iç içe geçebilen bir “ideal tip” kavramlaştırmasıdır. Bu kavramın işaret ettiği sorunlar, anayasal değerler ekseninde yaşanan ve siyasal örgütlenme özgürlüğü kanallarıyla açığa vurulan özgün bir çatışmadan kaynaklanmakta ve bu çatışma türü, 21. yüzyılın başlıca sorun alanlarından biri olarak tespit edilmektedir. Çalışmada, özellikle kırılgan demokrasi kavramının “sınır aşan” (cross-cutting) niteliği üzerinde durulmakta ve Belçika örneği verilerek, gelişmiş refah toplumlarında karşımıza çıkan, pekişmiş ve istikrarlı demokrasilerin dahi söz konusu çatışmadan tümüyle muaf olmadıkları ifade edilmektedir. Çalışma, değinilen bu çatışma biçimi üzerinde düşünmenin, yakın gelecekte anayasa hukukçularını bekleyen en çetin sınavlardan biri olacağı değerlendirmesiyle noktalanmaktadır.
A crosscutting concept for democracy debates: "Fragile democracies" and the case of belgium
Fragile democracy is an “ideal type” in the Weberian sense, totally independent of classifications based on the level of consolidation of democracies and classifications based on institutional choices. In this sense, it is able to coexist with any of these models. The problems indicated by such a concept include a certain type of conflict in constitutional values, which reveals itself by means of the freedom of political association. In this article, this conflict is regarded as one of the biggest problems of the 21st Century. Consequently, special emphasis is put on the “cross-cutting” nature of the concept, arguing that even the most established and stable democracies of the advanced welfare societies, i.e. Belgium, are not exempt from such a conflict. The conclusion states that reflecting on these issues will be one of the fundamental challenges that lie ahead for the constitutional lawyers in the near future.
___
- Barry, Brian. (1975). The Consociational Model and its Dangers. European Journal of Political Research, 3(4), 393-412.
- Bellamy, Richard. (2000). Dealing with Differences: Four Models of Pluralistic Politics. Parliamentary Affairs, 53(1), 198-217.
- Brems, Eva. (2006). Belgium: The Vlaams Blok Political Party Convicted Indirectly of Racism. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 4(4), 702-711.
- Billiet, Jaak; Maddens, Bart; Frognier, André-Poul. (2006). Does Belgium (Still) Exist? Differences in Political Culture between Flemings and Walloons. West European Politics, 29(5), 912-932.
- Bogaards, Matthijs. (1998). The Favourable Factors for Consociational Democracy: A Review. European Journal of Political Research, 33, 475–496.
- Bousetta, Hasan; Jacobs, Dirk. (2006). Multiculturalism, Citizenship and Islam in Problematic Encounters in Belgium, Multicaltiralism, Muslims and Citizenship - A European Approach içinde. Der. Modood, Tariq; Triandafyllidou, Anna; Zapata-Barrero, Richard. London ve New York: Routledge. Craenen, Godelieve. (2004). Kingdom of Belgium, Constitutional Law of 15 EU Member States içinde.
- Der. Prakke, Lucas; Kortmann, Constantijn. İngilizce’ye Çev. Thomas, Pete. The Netherlands: Kluwer Legal Publishers. Cook, Bernard. (2002).
- Belgium: A History. New York: Peter Lung Publishing, Inc. De Pauw, Gomar A. (1953).
- The Educational Rights of the Church and Elementary Schools in Belgium. Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. Diamond, Larry; Morlino, Leonardo. (2004). The Quality of a Democracy: An Overview. Journal of Democracy, 15(4), 20-31.
- Diamond, Larry; Morlino Leonardo (Der.). (2005). Assessing the Quality of Democracy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Dunn, James A. (1974). The Revision of the Constitution in Belgium: A Study in the Institutionalization of Ethnic Conflict. The Western Political Quarterly, 27(1), 143-163.
- Erk, Jan. (2005). From Vlaams Blok to Vlaams Belang: The Belgian Far- Right Renames Itself. West European Politics, 28(3), 493-502.
- Hobsbawn, Erik. J. (1962). The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848, New York: The American Library. Hutchinson, J. (1987).
- The Dynamics of Cultural Nationalism: The Gaelic Revival and the Creation of the Irish National State. London: Allen & Unwin Ltd. Kontacı, Ersoy. (2010). Kırılgan Demokrasilerde Siyasal Örgütlenme Özgürlüğü. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Kuczynski, Jürgen. (1971).
- The Rise of the Working Class. New York: McGraw-Hill. Liddell Hart, B.H. (1972). History of the Second World War, Vol. I. New York: Capricorn. Lijphart, Arend. (1984).
- Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-one Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press. Eser’in Türkçe çevirisi için bkz. Çağdaş Demokrasiler: Yirmibir Ülkede Çoğunlukçu ve Oydaşmacı Yönetim Örüntüleri. Çev. Özbudun, Ergun; Onulduran, Ersin. Ankara: Türk Demokrasi Vakfı ve Siyasi İlimler Derneği Ortak Yayını (tarihsiz). Linz, Juan J.; Stephan, Alfred. (1996).
- Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Lorwin, Val R. (1970). Linguistic Pluralism and Political Tension in Modern Belgium. Canadian Journal of History, 5, 1-23.
- Nielsen, François. (1980). The Flemish Movement in Belgium after World War II: A Dynamic Analysis. American Sociological Review, 45, 76-94.
- O’Donnell, Guillermo; Cullell, Jorge Vargas; Iazzetta, Osvaldo (Der.). (2004). The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications. Notre Dame ve Indiana: Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame Press. O’Neill, Michael. (1998). Re-Imagining Belgium: New federalism and the Political Management of Cultural Diversity. Parliamentary Affairs, 51(2), 241-258.
- O’Leary, Brendan. (2005). Debating Consociational Politics: Normative and Explanatory Arguments. From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies içinde. Der. Noel, Sid JR. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Press. Özbudun, Ergun. (2003).
- Çağdaş Türk Politikası, Demokratik Pekişmenin Önündeki Engeller. Çev. Usul, Ali Resul. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap. Peeters, P. (1994).
- Federalism: A Comparative Perspective-Belgium Transforms from a Unitary to a Federal State, Evaluating Federal Systems içinde. Der. Villiers, B. Dordrecht: Kenwyn: Juta & Co - Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Pierce, Julian. (1921). The School Question in Belgium. The Elementary School Journal, 22(4), 290-297.
- Pryce-Jones, David. (2007). As Belgium Goes… so does Europe?. National Review, October 22, 2007.
- Przeworski, Adam. (1991). Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Senelle, Robert. (1998). Federal Belgium, Federalism and Regionalism in Europe içinde. Der. D’Atena, Antonio. Napoli: Editoriale Scientifica. Swyngedouw, Marc; Ivaldi, Gilles. (2001). The Extreme Right Utopia in Belgium and France: The Ideology of the Flemish Vlaams Blok and the French Front National. West European Politics, 24(3), 1-22.
- Vos, Louis. (1993). Shifting Nationalism: Belgians, Flemings and Walloons. The National Question in Europe in Historical Context içinde. Der. Teich, M.; PORTER, R. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vos, Louis. (1998). The Flemish National Question, Nationalism in Belgium: Shifting Identities içinde. Der. Deprez, Kas; Vos, Louis. New York: Macmillan. Weber, Max, (1997). Objectivity in Social Science and Social Policy. The Methodology of the Social Sciences içinde. Der. ve İngilizce’ye Çev. Shils, Edward A.; Finch, Henry A. New York: Free Press. İnternet Kaynakları ve Gazete Makaleleri Freedom House Internet Sitesi: 26 Mayıs 2010 tarihinde
- http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2010 &country=7781 adresinden erişildi. Economist Intelligence Unit Internet Sitesi: 26 Mayıs 2010 tarihinde
- http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy %20Index%202008.pdf adresinden erişildi. The Economist Internet Sitesi: 26 Mayıs 2010 tarihinde
- http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/democracy_index_2007_v3.p df adresinden erişildi. “The School Question in Belgium”, The New York Times, 17 Kasım 1879.
- ISSN: 1301-1308
- Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
- Başlangıç: 1943
- Yayıncı: Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi