YARI PARLAMENTER SİSTEM AYRI BİR HÜKÜMET SİSTEMİ MODELİ OLABİLİR Mİ?

Bu çalışmada Steffen Ganghof tarafından ortaya atılan yarı parlamenter sistem incelenmekte ve yarı parlamenter sistemin ayrı bir hükümet sistemi modeli olup olmadığı sorusuna cevap aranmaktadır. Ganghof’un yarı parlamenter sistemi, yarı başkanlık sisteminden esinlenerek ancak bu sistemin tersi bir mantıkla oluşturduğu görülmektedir. Yarı başkanlık sisteminde, ikili yapıya sahip olan yürütme organının yalnızca bir bölümü (hükümet), görevine devam edebilmek bakımından yasama organının güvenine bağlıdır. Yarı parlamenter sistemde ise yasama organının iki bölüme sahip olması gerekmekte ve yürütme organının (hükümetin) görevine devam edebilmesi, yasama organının yalnızca bir bölümünün güvenine bağlı olmaktadır. Ganghof yarı parlamenter sistemi, yasama organının iki bölümlü olması üzerine kurmakta ve sistemin tanımlayıcı unsurlarını ortaya koyarak, ideal bir yarı parlamenter sistem tasarlamaktadır. Bu unsurlar incelendiğinde, yarı parlamenter sistemin ayrı bir hükümet sistemi modeli olmadığı, parlamenter sistem kapsamında ve parlamenter sistemin alt bir türü olarak değerlendirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Yarı parlamenter sistem, Steffen Ganghof, hükümet sistemleri, iki meclislilik, üst meclis.

CAN THE SEMI-PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM BE A SEPARATE MODEL OF GOVERNMENT SYSTEM?

In this paper, the semi-parliamentary system put forward by Steffen Ganghof is examined and an answer is sought to the question of whether the semi-parliamentary system is a separate model of government system. It is seen that Ganghof's semi-parliamentary system is inspired by the semi-presidential system, but with the opposite logic of this system. In the semi-presidential system, only a part of the executive (government), which has a dual structure, depends on the legislature's trust in order to continue its office. In the semi-parliamentary system, the legislature must have two parts and the executive (government) can continue to function, depending on the trust of only one part of the legislature. Ganghof bases the semi-parliamentary system on the two-part legislative body and designs an ideal semi-parliamentary system by revealing the defining elements of the system. When these elements are examined, it is concluded that the semi-parliamentary system is not a separate government system model, but should be considered within the extent of the parliamentary system and as a subtype of the parliamentary system.

Keywords:

Semi-parliamentary system, Steffen Ganghof, government systems, bicameralism, upper house.,

PDF

___

Bulmer E., Bicameralism, Second Edition, International IDEA Constitution-Building Primer 2, 2017.
Bulmer E., Non-Executive Presidents in Parliamentary Democracies, Second Edition, International IDEA Constitution-Building Primer 6, 2017.
Carey J. M., “Presidential versus Parliamentary Government”, in Claude Menard/ Mary M. Shirley (Eds.), Handbook of New Institutional Economics, Springer, 2005, s. 91-122.
Cheibub J. A., Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Duverger M., “A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government”, 1980, 8(2), European Journal of Political Research, s. 165-187.
Duverger M., “Reflections: The Political System of the European Union”, 1997, 31(1), European Journal of Political Research, s. 137-146.
Elgie R., “On New Forms of Government”, 2018, 53(2), Australian Journal of Political Science, s. 241-247.
Elgie R., “The Classification of Democratic Regime Types: Conceptual Ambiguity and Contestable Assumptions”, 1998, 33(2), European Journal of Political Research, s. 219-238.
Elgie R., “The Politics of Semi-Presidentialism” in Robert Elgie (Ed.), Semi-Presidentialism in Europe, Oxford University Press, 1999, s. 1-21.
Elgie R., “The President of Ireland in Comparative Perspective”, 2012, 27(4), Irish Political Studies, s. 502-521.
Epstein L. D., “Parliamentary Government”, in David L. Sills (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 11, Macmillian and Free Press, 1968, s. 419-425.
Evans H., “The Role of the Australian Senate” in R.C. Tripathi (Ed.), Second Chambers; Bicameralism Today, Rajya Sabha Secretariat, 2002, s. 1-7.
Fabbrini S., “Features and Implications of Semi-Parliamentarism: The Direct Election of Italian Mayors”, 2001, 6(2), South European Society and Politics, s. 47-70.
Ganghof S., “A New Political System Model: Semi-Parliamentary Government”, 2018, 57(2), European Journal of Political Research, s. 261-281.
Ganghof S., “Bicameralism As a Form of Government (Or: Why Australia and Japan Do Not Have a Parliamentary System)”, 2014, 67(3), Parliamentary Affairs, s. 647-663.
Ganghof S./ Eppner S./ Pörschke A., “Australian Bicameralism as Semi-Parliamentarism: Patterns of Majority Formation in 29 Democracies”, 2018, 53(2), Australian Journal of Political Science, s. 211-233.
Hamer D., Can Responsible Government Survive in Australia?, Second Edition, The Department of the Senate, 2004. https://data.ipu.org/content/parline-global-data-national-parliaments (Erişim tarihi: 16.09.2020).
Lijphart A., “Introduction”, in Arend Lijphart (Ed.), Parliamentary versus Presidential Government, Oxford University Press, 1992, s. 1-27.
Lijphart A., Patterns of Democracy; Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries, Second Edition, Yale University Press, 2012.
Linz J. J., "Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Difference?" in Juan J. Linz/ Arturo Valenzuela (Eds.), The Failure of Presidential Democracy, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994, s. 3-87.
MacDonald W., A New Constitution For A New America, B. W. Huebsch, 1921.
Müller W. C./ Bergman T./ Strøm K., “Parliamentary Democracy: Promise and Problems”, in Wolfgang C. Müller/ Torbjörn Bergman/ Kaare Strøm (Eds.), Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies, Oxford University Press, 2006, s. 3-32.
Onar E., İsrail’in Kendine Özgü Bir Hükümet Sisteminden Eskisine Geri Dönüşü, 72 Tasarım, 2003.
O'Neil P., “Presidential Power in Post‐Communist Europe: The Hungarian Case in Comparative Perspective”, 1993, 9(3), Journal of Communist Studies, s. 177-201.
Özsoy Boyunsuz Ş., Başkanlı Parlamenter Sistem; Cumhurbaşkanının Halk Tarafından Seçildiği Parlamenter Hükümet Modeli ve Türkiye İçin Tavsiye Edilebilirliği, 2. Baskı, On İki Levha Yayınları, 2014.
Riggs, F. W., “The Survival of Presidentialism in America: Paraconstitutional Practice”, 1988, 9(4), International Political Science Review, s. 247-278.
Samuels D. J. / Shugart, M. S., Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers; How the Separation of Powers Affects Party Organization and Behavior, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Sartori G., Karşılaştırmalı Anayasa Mühendisliği; Yapılar, Özendiriciler ve Sonuçlar Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Ergun Özbudun (Çev.), Yetkin Yayınları, 1997.
Shugart M. S., "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns", 2005, 3(3), French Politics, s. 323-351.
Shugart M. S., “Of Presidents and Parliaments”, 1993, 2(1), East European Constitutional Review, s. 30-32.
Shugart M. S./ Carey J. M., Presidents and Assemblies; Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Tsebelis G./ Money J., Bicameralism, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Uluşahin, N., Saf Hükümet Sistemleri Karşısında İki Başlı Yürütme Yapılanması, Yetkin Yayınları, 2007.
Vandamme P./ Jacquet V./ Niessen C./Pitseys J./ Reuchamps M, “Intercameral Relations in a Bicameral Elected and Sortition Legislature”, 2018, 46(3), Politics & Society, s. 381-400.