Kardiyak Kök Hücreler

Özbilgi/Amaç: Yapı ve işlev bakımından birbirinden oldukça farklı olan kök hücreler, embriyo kök hücresi ve yetişkin kök hücreler olmak üzere iki ana başlık altında sınıflandırılır. Embriyo kök hücresi, embriyo gövdesine ait bütün hücre tabakalarını ve bu tabakalardan köken alan doku ve organları oluşturma yeteneğindedir. Dokuya özgü kök hücreler olarak da adlandırılan yetişkin kök hücreler ise, embriyo kök hücrelerine kıyasla daha sınırlı sayıda hücre türüne farklılaşabilir. Kemik iliği, deri, karaciğer, bağırsak gibi kendi kendini yenileme yeteneği yüksek olan organlarda dokuya özgü kök hücrelerin varlığı uzun süredir bilinmektedir. Kalpte bulunan kök hücrelere dair bilgiler ise oldukça yenidir. Geçmişte yenilenme yetkinliği olmadığı düşünülen kalp, günümüzde belli oranda yenilendiği kabul edilen bir organ olarak nitelenmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı, kalpte şimdiye kadar tanımlanan kök hücreler, bu hücrelerin kalbi oluşturan hücrelere farklılaşma yetkinliği ve birtakım hastalık modellerinde tedavi edici etkinlikleri hakkında bilgi vermektir. Sonuç: Kalbin kendi kendini yenileme yeteneği konusunda görüş ayrılıkları olsa da, kalbin gerektiğinde belli oranda yenilenme yetkinliği olan bir organ olduğu birçok araştırmacı tarafından ortaya konmuştur. Kalpteki kök hücreler, hücre yüzey reseptörlerine göre c-kit+ kök hücreler, Sca-1+ kök hücreler ve yan küme hücreleri olarak sınıflandırılır. Bu yüzey reseptörüne sahip hücrelerin; kardiyak miyosit, endotel hücresi ve düz kas hücresine farklılaşma yeteneğinde olduğu in vitro ve in vivo çalışmalarla gösterilmiştir. Kardiyak kök hücreler kalp dokusunda niş adı verilen mikroçevrede bulunurlar. Kök hücreler burada çoğalabilir, kararlanabilir, farklılaşabilir ve gerektiğinde bu bölgeyi terk ederek onarım süreçlerine katılabilirler. Bu hücrelerin kalbi oluşturan hücrelere farklılaşma yetkinliğinin birçok araştırmacı tarafından ortaya konması günümüzde medikal yöntemlerle tedavi edilemeyen kalp hastalıklarının tedavisi için ümit kaynağı olmuştur. Bu alandaki deneysel ve klinik çalışmalar artarak devam etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kardiyak kök hücre, kardiyak niş, c-kit, Sca-1

Cardiac Stem Cells

Backround/Aim: Stem cells are often classified into one of two categories: embryonic stem ES cells and non-embryonic ‘somatic’ or ‘adult’ stem cells. ES cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst are capable of differentiating into all cells of the three germ layers and the tissues and organs that originate from these layers. Adult stem AS cells can generate only a limited set of specialized cells characteristic of a particular tissue located throughout the body. It is known that AS cells have been found in organs with high self-renewal ability, such as bone marrow, skin, liver, and intestine. However, the information about the stem cells in the heart is quite new. The heart, which is thought to have not been renewed in the past, is now regarded as an organ that is considered to be somewhat renewed. The aim of this review is to give information about the stem cells which are defined up to now in the heart, the ability of these cells to differentiate into the cardiac cells and their potential therapeutic activity in various disease models. Conclusion: Cardiac stem cells are classified into three cell types based on the cell surface markers expression: c-kit+ stem cells, Sca-1+ stem cells and side population cells. Scientists now have evidence that cells with these receptors have differentiate cardiac cells such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Cardiac stem cells are found in the microenvironment called the niche in the heart. When needed cardiac stem cells participate the process of tissue healing including: proliferation, differentiation and migration. The ability of these cells to differentiate into the heart forming cells has been demonstrated by many researchers and has been new hope for the treatment of heart diseases.

Keywords:

Cardiac stem cells, cardiac niche, c-kit, Sca-1,

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