POSTOPERATİF BULANTI VE KUSMA
Postoperatif bulant› kusma (POBK), cerrahi geçiren hastalar›n yaklafl›k %30’unda görülür. Hasta memnuniyetsizli¤ine, önemli klinik komplikasyonlara ve ekonomik kay›plara neden olabilir. POBK yönetiminde, hasta riski belirlenmeli, risk azalt›c› önlemler uygulanmal›, antiemetik proflaksi dozu ve verilme zaman› belirlenmeli ve her hasta için kurtar›c› tedaviyi de içeren bir algoritma oluflturulmal›d›r. Bu derlemede, POBK’n›n patofizyolojisi, risk faktörleri, önlenmesi ve tedavisi sunulmufltur.
POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) occurs in approximately 30 percent of patients undergoing surgery. It can cause patient dissatisfaction, significant clinical complications and economical loss. In PONV management, patient risk should be determined, risk reducing measures should be implemented, dosing and timing of antiemetic prophylaxis should be determined and an algorithm including rescue treatment for each patient should be generated. In this review, pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention and treatment of PONV are presented.
___
- Andrews PL. Physiology of nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth
1992; 69: 2-19.
- Gan TJ, Meyer T, Apfel CC, et al. Consensus guidelines for
managing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2003;
97: 62-71.
- Gan TJ, Diemunsch P, Habib AS, et al. Consensus guidelines for
the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anest
Analg 2014; 118: 85-113.
- Pierre S, Whelan R. Nausea and vomiting after surgery. BJA
Education Continuing Education in Anesthesia Critical Careand
Pain 2012.
- Apfel CC, Philip BK, Cakmakkaya OS, et al. Who is at risk for
postdischarge nausea and vomiting after ambulatory surgery?
Anesthesiology 2012; 117: 475-486.
- Macario A, Weinger M, Carney S, Kim A. Which clinical anesthesia
outcomes are important to avoid? The perspective of patients. Anest
Analg 1999; 89: 652-658.
- Diemunsch P, Joshi GP, Brichant JF. Neurokinin-1 receptor
antagonists in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Br J Anaesth 2009; 103: 7-13.
- Christian C. Apfel. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting. Miller’s
Anesthesia. 7th Ed. Philadelphia, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier,
2010: 2729-2755.
- Apfel CC, Heidrich FM, Jukar-Rao S, et al. Evidence-based
analysis of risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br
J Anaesth 2012; 109: 742-753.
- Apfel CC, Greim CA, Goepfert C, et al. Postoperative vomiting:
A score for its prediction after inhalational anaesthesia. Der
Anaesthesist 1998; 47: 732-740.
- Eberhart LH, Geldner G, Kranke P, et al. The development and
validation of a risk score to predict the probability of postoperative
vomiting in pediatric patients. Anesth Analg 2004; 99: 1630-1637.
- Koivuranta M, Laara E, Snare L, et al. A survey of postoperative
nausea and vomiting. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 443-449.
- Kranke P, Eberhart LH, Toker H,et al. A prospective evaluation of
the POVOC score for the prediction of postoperative vomiting in
children. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 1592-1597.
- Apfel CC, Kranke P, Katz MH,et al. Volatile anaesthetics may be
the main cause of early but not delayed postoperative vomiting: a
randomized controlled trial of factorial design. Br J Anaesth 2002;
88: 659-668.
- Gupta A, Stierer T, Zuckerman R, Sakima N, Parker SD, Fleisher
LA.Comparison of recovery profile after ambulatory anesthesia
with propofol, isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane: A sistematic
review. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 632-641.
- Apfel CC, Korttila K, Abdalla M, et al. A factorial trial of six
interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and
vomiting. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2441-2451.
- Roberts GW, Bekker TB, Carlsen HH, Moffatt CH, Slattery PJ,
McClure AF. Postoperative nausea and vomiting are strongly
influenced by postoperative opioid use in a dose-related manner.
Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 1343-1348.
- The Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and
Ireland. Guidelines on the prevention of post-operative vomiting
in children. 2009. http://www.apagbi.org.uk/sites/default/files
/images/2016%20APA%20POV%20Guideline-2.pdf
- Elgueta MF, Echevarría GC, De la Fuente N, et al. Effect
of intravenous fluid therapy on postoperative vomiting in children
undergoing tonsillectomy. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110: 607-614.
- Jensen AB, Christiansen DB, Coulthard K, et al. Tropisetron reduces
postoperative vomiting in children undergoing tonsillectomy.
Paediatr Anaesth 2000; 10: 69-75.
- Anderson BJ, Ralph CJ, Stewart AW, Barber C, Holford NH. The
dose-effect relationship for morphine and vomiting after day-stay
tonsillectomy in children. Anaesth Intensive Care 2000; 28:
155-160.
- Apfel CC, Läärä E, Koivuranta M, Greim CA, Roewer N. A
simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and
vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers.
Anesthesiology 1999; 91: 693-700.
- Koivuranta M, Läärä E, Snåre L, Alahuhta S. A survey of
postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 443-449.
- Cheng CR, Sessler DI, Apfel CC. Does neostigmine administration
produce a clinically important increase in postoperative nausea
and vomiting? Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 1349-1355.
- Orhan-Sungur M, Kranke P, Sessler D, Apfel CC. Does supple-
mental oxygen reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting? A meta-
analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:
1733-1738.
- Chukudebelu O, Leonard DS, Healy A, et al. The effect of gastric
decompression on postoperative nausea and emesis in pediatric,
tonsillectomy patients. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 74:
674-676.
- Apfel CC, Meyer A, Orhan-Sungur M, Jalota L, Whelan RP, Jukar-
Rao S. Supplemental intravenous crystalloids for the prevention
of postoperative nausea and vomiting: quantitative review. Br J
Anaesth 2012; 108: 893-902.
- Goodarzi M, Matar MM, Shafa M, Townsend JE, Gonzalez I. A
prospective randomized blinded study of the effect of intravenous
fluid therapy on postoperative nausea and vomiting in children
undergoing strabismus surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 49-53.
- Mishra A, Pandey RK, Sharma A, et al. Is perioperative
administration of 5% dextrose effective in reducing the incidence
of PONV in laparoscopic cholecystectomy?: A randomized control
trial. J Clin Anesth 2017; 40: 7-10.
- Rao V, Bala I, Jain D, Bharti N. Effect of intravenous dextrose
administration on postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients
undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomised controlled
trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2017; 34: 705-707.
- Patel P, Meineke MN, Rasmussen T, et al. The relationship of
intravenous dextrose administration during emergence from
anesthesia to postoperative nausea and vomiting: a randomized
controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: 34-42.
- Haentjens LL, Ghoundiwal D, Touhiri K, et al. Does infusion of
colloid influence the occurrence of postoperative nausea and
vomiting after elective surgery in women? Anesth Analg 2009;
108: 1788-1793.
- Apfel CC, Korttila K, Abdalla M, et al. A factorial trial of six
interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and
vomiting. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2441-2451.
- Tramèr MR, Reynolds DJ, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Efficacy, dose-
response, and safety of ondansetron in prevention of postoperative
nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review of
randomized placebo-controlled trials. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:
1277-1289.
- Kaye AD, Cornett EM, Chalabi J, et al. Pharmacology of
Antiemetics: Update and Current Considerations in Anesthesia
Practice. Anesthesiol Clin 2017; 35: 41-54.
- Khalil SN, Roth AG, Cohen IT, et al. A double-blind comparison
of intravenous ondansetron and placebo for preventing postoperative
emesis in 1- to 24-month-old pediatric patients after surgery under
general anesthesia.Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 356-361.
- Grover VK, Mathew PJ, Hegde H. Efficacy of orally disintegrating
ondansetron in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting after
laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomised, double-blind placebo
controlled study. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 595-600.
- Tang J, Wang B, White PF, Watcha MF, Qi J, Wender RH. The
effect of timing of ondansetron administration on its efficacy,
cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit as a prophylactic antiemetic in
the ambulatory setting. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 274-282.
- Candiotti KA, Birnbach DJ, Lubarsky DA, et al. The impact of
pharmacogenomics on postoperative nausea and vomiting: do
CYP2D6 allele copy number and polymorphisms affect the success
or failure of ondansetron prophylaxis? Anesthesiology 2005; 102:
543-549.
- Wilson AJ, Diemunsch P, Lindeque BG, et al. Single-dose i.v.
granisetron in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Br J Anaesth 1996; 76: 515-518.
- Cieslak GD, Watcha MF, Phillips MB, Pennant JH. The dose-
response relation and cost-effectiveness of granisetron for the
prophylaxis of pediatric postoperative emesis. Anesthesiology
1996; 85: 1076-1085.
- Rojas C, Thomas AG, Alt J, et al. Palonosetron triggers 5-HT(3)
receptor internalization and causes prolonged inhibition of receptor
function. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 626: 193-199.
- Park SK, Cho EJ. A randomized, double-blind trial of palonosetron
compared with ondansetron in preventing postoperative nausea
and vomiting after gynaecological laparoscopic surgery. J Int Med
Res 2011; 39: 399-407.
- Bhattacharjee DP,Dawn S, Nayak S, Roy PR, Acharya A, Dey R.
A comparative study between palonosetron and granisetron to
prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic
cholecystectomy. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2010; 26: 480-483.
- De Oliveira GS Jr, Ahmad S, Fitzgerald PC, et al. Dose ranging
study on the effect of preoperative dexamethasone on postoperative
quality of recovery and opioid consumption after ambulatory
gynaecological surgery. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107: 362-371.
- Toner AJ, Ganeshanathan V, Chan MT, Ho KM, Corcoran TB.
Safety of Perioperative Glucocorticoids in Elective Noncardiac
Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Anesthesiology
2017; 126: 234-248.
- Corcoran T, Kasza J, Short TG, et al. Intraoperative dexamethasone
does not increase the risk of postoperative wound infection: a
propensity score-matched post hoc analysis of the ENIGMA-II
trial (EnDEX). Br J Anaesth 2017; 118: 190-199.
- Kurz A, Fleischmann E, Sessler DI, et al. Effects of supplemental
oxygen and dexamethasone on surgical site infection: a factorial
randomized trial. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115: 434-443.
- Eberhart LH, Graf J, Morin AM, et al. Randomised controlled trial
of the effect of oral premedication with dexamethasone on
hyperglycaemic response to abdominal hysterectomy. Eur J
Anaesthesiol 2011; 28: 195-201.
- Nazar CE, Lacassie HJ, López RA, Muñoz HR. Dexamethasone
for postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis: effect on
glycaemia in obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Eur
J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26: 318-321.
- Hans P, Vanthuyne A, Dewandre PY, Brichant JF, Bonhomme V.
Blood glucose concentration profile after 10 mg dexamethasone
in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic patients undergoing abdominal
surgery. Br J Anaesth 2006; 97: 164-170.
- McDonnell C, Barlow R, Campisi P, Grant R, Malkin D. Fatal
peri-operative acute tumour lysis syndrome precipitated by
dexamethasone. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 652-655.
- Osthaus WA, Linderkamp C, Bünte C, Jüttner B, Sümpelmann R.
Tumor lysis associated with dexamethasone use in a child with
leukemia. Paediatr Anaesth 2008; 18: 268-270.
- Gallagher TQ, Hill C, Ojha S, et al. Perioperative dexamethasone
administration and risk of bleeding following tonsillectomy in
children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012; 308:
1221-1226.
- Plante J, Turgeon AF, Zarychanski R, et al. Effect of systemic
steroids on post-tonsillectomy bleeding and reinterventions:
systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled
trials. BMJ 2012; 345: e5389.
- Geva A, Brigger MT. Dexamethasone and tonsillectomy bleeding: a
meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 144: 838-843.
- Baugh RF, Archer SM, Mitchell RB, et al. Clinical practice guideline:
tonsillectomy in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011;
144: 1-30.
- Charbit B, Albaladejo P, Funck-Brentano C, Legrand M, Samain
E, Marty J. Prolongation of QTc interval after postoperative
nausea and vomiting treatment by droperidol or ondansetron.
Anesthesiology 2005; 102: 1094-1100.
- White PF, Song D, Abrao J, Klein KW, Navarette B. Effect of
low-dose droperidol on the QT interval during and after general
anesthesia: a placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology 2005; 102:
1101-1105.
- Henzi I, Walder B, Tramèr MR. Metoclopramide in the prevention
of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic
review of randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Br J Anaesth
1999; 83: 761-771.
- Wallenborn J, Gelbrich G, Bulst D, et al. Prevention of postoperative
nausea and vomiting by metoclopramide combined with dexamet-
hasone: randomised double blind multicentre trial. BMJ 2006;
333: 324.
- Tramèr M, Moore A, McQuay H . Prevention of vomiting after
paediatric strabismus surgery: a systematic review using the
numbers-needed-to-treat method. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75: 556-561.
- Diemunsch P, Gan TJ, Philip BK, et al. Single-dose aprepitant vs
ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting:
a randomized, double-blind phase III trial in patients undergoing
open abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 202-211.
- Gan TJ, Apfel CC, Kovac A, et al. A randomized, double-blind
comparison of the NK1 antagonist, aprepitant, versus ondansetron
for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth
Analg 2007; 104: 1082-1089.
- Kranke P, Morin AM, Roewer N, Eberhart LH. Dimenhydrinate
for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a
meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand 2002; 46: 238-244.
- White PF, Tang J, Song D, et al. Transdermal scopolamine: an
alternative to ondansetron and droperidol for the prevention of
postoperative and postdischarge emetic symptoms. Anesth Analg
2007; 104: 92-96.
- Apfel CC, Zhang K, George E, et al. Transdermal scopolamine for
the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Clin Ther. 2010; 32: 1987-2002.
- Lee A, Chan SK, Fan LT. Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point
PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev. 2015; 2: CD003281.
- Kazemi-Kjellberg F, Henzi I, Tramèr MR. Treatment of established
postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review.
BMC Anesthesiol 2001; 1: 2.
- Habib AS, Gan TJ. The effectiveness of rescue antiemetics after
failure of prophylaxis with ondansetron or droperidol: a preliminary
report. J Clin Anesth 2005; 17: 62-65.
- Du Pen S, Scuderi P, Wetchler B, et al. Ondansetron in the treatment
of postoperative nausea and vomiting in ambulatory outpatients: a
dose-comparative, stratified, multicentre study. Eur J Anaesthesiol
Suppl 1992; 6: 55-62.
- Kovac AL, O'Connor TA, Pearman MH, et al. Efficacy of repeat
intravenous dosing of ondansetron in controlling postoperative
nausea and vomiting: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled multicenter trial. J Clin Anesth 1999; 11: 453-459.