OECD Ülkelerinde Gelir Dağılımının Belirleyenleri

ABD emlak piyasasında başlayan daha sonra Avrupa’ya borç krizi olarak sirayet eden 2008 küreselkrizi, gelir dağılımına ilişkin tartışmaları yeniden alevlendirmiştir. En üst %1’lik gelir grubuyla enalt %99’luk gelir grubu arasındaki artan farklılığın nedenleri ve eşitsizliğin nasıl çözüleceğine ilişkinkonular tartışmaların genellikle merkezinde yer almıştır. Bu çalışmada amaç OECD ülkelerinde gelirdağılımını etkileyen faktörleri ortaya koymaktır. İlk başta OECD’de gelir dağılımını analiz edençalışmalar ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra ise OECD ülkelerinde gini katsayısı, işgücüne katılım oranı,reel emek gelirlerindeki değişim, P80/P20 oranı gibi veriler yorumlanmıştır. Verilerinyorumlanmasından sonra OECD ülkelerinde gelir dağılımının yaş bağımlılık, finansallaşma,küreselleşme, sivil haklar ve emek gelirleri gibi faktörlerle nasıl bir etkileşim içinde olduğu panelveri analizi ile ekonometrik olarak ele alınmıştır. Analiz sonucunda yaş bağımlılık oranı, ekonomikküreselleşme ve finansallaşma gibi faktörlerin eşitsizliği artırdığı, emek gelirlerinin milli geliriçindeki payı ve sivil haklardaki artışın ise adaletli dağılıma olanak sağladığı sonuçlarınaulaşılmıştır.

Determinants of Income Distribution in OECD Countries

The global economic crisis of 2008, which had begun in the US real estate market and then spread to Europe as a debt crisis, has rekindled the discussion of income distribution. The reasons that lie behind the increasing gap between the top 1 percent of income earners and the bottom 99 percent, and the issues of how this inequality to be solved have usually been at the center of the discussion. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting income distribution in OECD countries. In the first place, the researches that have analyzed income distribution within the OECD are taken. Data such as Gini coefficient, labor force participation rate, change in real labor income, P80/P20 ratio in OECD countries are interpreted thereafter. After the interpretation of the data, how income distribution in OECD countries interacts with factors such as age dependence, financialization, globalization, civil rights and labor income is discussed econometric approach with panel data analysis. The study concludes that while factors such as age dependency ratio, economic globalization, and financialization grow inequality, increasing labor income shares and civil rights enable fair distribution.

PDF

___

Alderson, A. S., & Nielsen, F. (2002). Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1244- 1299.
Balestra, P., & Nerlove, M. (1966). Pooling cross section and time series data in the estimation of a dynamic model: The demand for natural gas. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 585-612.
Baltagi, B. H., & Song, S. H. (2006). Unbalanced panel data: a survey. Statistical Papers, 47(4), 493-523.
Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Levine, R., 2004. Finance, Inequality, and Poverty: Cross-Country Evidence. NBER Working Paper No. 10979
Beramendi, P., & Cusack, T. R. (2009). Diverse disparities: The politics and economics of wage, market, and disposable income inequalities. Political Research Quarterly. 62(2), 257-275.
Bertola, G. (2008). Inequality, Globalization, and Financial Development. In: Conference Paper Globalization and Inequality: Reflections on the Development of a Divided World, European University Institute in Florence
Carnoy, M. (2011). As higher education expands, is it contributing to greater inequality?. National Institute Economic Review, 215(1), R34-R47.
Carter, J.R. (2007). An empirical note on economic freedom and income inequality. Public Choice, 130 (1–2), 163– 177
Cassette, A., Fleury, N., & Petit, S. (2012). Income inequalities and international trade in goods and services:short- and long-run evidence. Int. Trade J. 26 (3), 223–254
Çelik, S., & Basdas, U. (2010). How does globalization affect income inequality? A panel data analysis. Int. Adv.Econ. Res. 16 (4), 358–370.
Checchi, D., & García-Peñalosa, C. (2008). Labour market institutions and income inequality. Economic Policy, 23(56), 602-649.
Checchi, D., & García-Peñalosa, C. (2010). Labour market institutions and the personal distribution of income in the OECD. Economica, 77(307), 413-450
De Gregorio, J., Lee, J., 2002. Education and income inequality: new evidence from cross country data. Rev. Income Wealth 48 (3), 395–417
Dreher, A., & Gaston, N. (2008). Has globalization increased inequality?. Rev. Int. Econ, 16 (3), 516–536.
Dünya Bankası (2017). World Database. (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2017), http://databank.worldbank.org/data/databases.aspx
Faustino, H., & Vali, C. (2012). The Effects of Globalisation on OECD Income Inequality: A Static and Dynamic Analysis. School of Economics and Management Working Paper, WP 12/2011/DE,Lisbon.
Figini, P., & Gorg, H. (2006). Does foreign direct investment affect wage inequality? An empirical investigation. University of Nottingham Research Paper, (2006/29).
Freedom House (2017). Freedom House Database (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Aralık 2017), https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedomworld/freedom-world-2017
Golden, M., & Wallerstein, M. (2006). Domestic and International Causes for the Rise of Pay Inequality: Post Industrialism, Globalization and Labor Market Institutions. IRLE Workıng Papers. WP No: 2010 – 08.
UCLA: Institute for Research on Labor and Employment.
Gourdon, J., Maystre, N., & de Melo, J. (2008). Openness, inequality and poverty: endowments matter. J. Int.Trade Econ. Dev., 17 (3), 343–378
Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis. Pearson Education India.
Heshmati, A. (2007). The relationship between income inequality, poverty and globalization. In The Impact of Globalization on the World’s Poor (pp. 59-93). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Hsiao, C. (1985). Benefits and limitations of panel data. Econometric Reviews, 4(1), 121-174.
Hsiao, C. (1995). Panel analysis for metric data. In Handbook of statistical modeling for the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 361-400). US: Springer.
Hsiao, C. (2001). Economic Panel Data. In: N.J. Snelser and P.B. Bates (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 6, 4114–121. Oxford: Elsevier
Hsiao, C. (2007). Panel data analysis—advantages and challenges. Test, 16(1), 1-22.
Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of panel data (No. 54). Cambridge University Press
ILO (2017). Statistics and databases. (Erişim: 9 Eylül 2017), http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/lang-- en/index.htm
ILO (2008). Labour institutions and inequality. In: ILO, World of Work Report, Volume October 2008. ILO. Geneva, pp. 71–114
IMF (2007). Globalization and inequality. In: World Economic Outlook, Volume October 2007. IMF,Washington, pp. 31–65
KOF Index (2018). KOF Globalisation Index. (Erişim: 3 Mart 2018), https://www.kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-andindicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html Koskoyova, Y., Saar, E., & Dämmrich, J. (2018). Institutional Change and Gender Inequalities at Labour Market Entry: A Comparison of Estonia, Russia, and East and West Germany. Studies of Transition States and Societies, 9(2).
Mahler, V. A. (2004). Economic globalization, domestic politics, and income inequality in the developed countries a cross-national study. Comparative Political Studies, 37(9), 1025-1053.
Milanovic, B. (2005). Can we discern the effect of globalization on income distribution?. Evidence fromhousehold surveys. World Bank Econ. Rev. 191, 21– 44.
Milanovic, B., & Squire, I. (2007). Does tariff liberalization increase wage inequality. In: Harrison, A. (Ed.), Globalization and Poverty. Chicago University Press, Chicago, pp. 143–181.
Mundell, R. A. (1957). International trade and factor mobility. The American Economic Review, 47(3), 321- 335.
OECD (2011). Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising?. Paris: OECD Publishing.
PENN (2017). The Database. (Erişim: 10 Ekim 2017), https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/
Rueda, D., & Pontusson, J. (2000). Wage inequality and varieties of capitalism. World Politics, 52(03), 350-383.
Solt, F. (2009). Standardizing the world income inequality database. Social Science Quarterly, 90(2), 231-242.
Spilimbergo, A., Londoño, J. L., & Székely, M. (1999). Income distribution, factor endowments, and trade openness. Journal of Development Economics, 59(1), 77- 101.
Stringer, J. M. (2006). Foreign direct investment and income inequality in developing countries: An exploration of the causal relationship using industry level FDI data. In: annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Retrieved May (Vol. 20, No. 2008, p. 140292_index).
Swamy, P. A. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 311-323.
Tatoğlu Yerdelen, F. (2013). İleri Panel Veri Analizi. Beta Yayıncılık
Tatoğlu Yerdelen, F. (2013). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi. Beta Yayıncılık
Weeks, J. (2005). Inequality Trends in Some Developed OECD Countries, DESA Working Paper, No. 6, UN.
Wood, A. (1995). North-South trade, employment, and inequality: Changing fortunes in a skill-driven world. Oxford University Press
Zellner, A. (1962). An efficient method of estimating seemingly unrelated regressions and tests for aggregation bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 57(298), 348-368.
Zhou, L., Biswas, B., Bowles, T., & Saunders, P. J. (2011). Impact of globalization on income distribution inequality in 60 countries. Global Economy Journal, 11(1), 1–16.