Sperm dondurma: Güncel gelişmeler
Sperm dondurma spermlerin soğutularak -196°C’de likit nitrojende saklanmasını içermektedir. Bu teknik 1960’lardan beri çiftlerin infertilitesini tedavi etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Kanser sperm dondurulmasında temel endikasyondur. Ancak, yakın zamanlarda sperm dondurma için kullanılan klinik endikasyonların alanı oldukça genişlemiştir. Buna göre sperm dondurma retrograd ejakülasyon, şiddetli oligoospermi, metabolik hastalıklar, spinal kord hasarı ve kraniyal tümörler gibi olgularda kullanılmaktadır. Bu süreç soğutma, dondurma ve ısıtma basamaklarını içermektedir. Sperm dondurma membran lipid yapısı, akrozom içeriği, sperm motilitesi, sperm canlılığı ve sperm DNA’sı üzerine negatif olarak etki edebilmektedir. Bu olumsuz etkileri önlemek için pek çok kriyoprotektan ajan kullanılmıştır. Genelde sperm dondurma sonrası gebelik oranları %12 ile %35,2 arasında değişmektedir. Bu derlemede sperm dondurma alanındaki son gelişmeler değerlendirilmiştir.
Sperm cryopreservation: Current developments
Sperm cryopreservation involves the cooling of semen samples and their storage at -196°C in liquid nitrogen. This technique has been used widely since the 1960s to treat couples with infertility. Cancer is the major indication for sperm cryopreservation. However currently, the scope of clinical indications used for sperm cryopreservation has expanded widely. In this context, sperm cryopreservation is used in patients with retrograde ejaculation, severe olgoospermia, metabolic disorders, spinal cord injury, cranial tumors. Cryopreservation process involves cooling, freezing, and thawing steps. Cryopreservation of sperm may negatively affect on membrane lipid composition, acrosome status, sperm motility, vitality and DNA damage. To prevent of this negative effects several cryoprotectants have been used. In general the pregnancy rates after sperm cryopreservation are changes between 12% and 35.2%. In this review current advances have been evaluated in the era of sperm cryopreservation.
___
- Saito K, Suzuki K, Iwasaki A, Yumura Y, Kubota Y. Sperm
cryopreservation before cancer chemotherapy helps in the
emotional battle against cancer. Cancer 20051;104:521–4.
[CrossRef]
- Pacey A, Merrick H, Arden-Close E, Morris K, Rowe R, Stark
D, Eiser C. Implications of sperm banking for health-related
quality of life up to 1 year after cancer diagnosis. Br J Cancer
2013;108:1004–11. [CrossRef]
- Bunge RG, Keettel WC, Sherman JK. Clinical use of frozen semen;
report of four cases. Fertil Steril 1954;5:520–9. [CrossRef]
- Brezina PR. Fertility preservation for social and oncofertility
indications. Minerva Endocrinol 2018;43:69–79. [CrossRef]
- Erdemir F. Sperm dondurma. Androloji Bült 2014;16:191–5.
- Rothman CM. Live sperm, dead bodies. J Androl 1999;20:456–7.
[CrossRef]
- Pastuszak AW, Lai WS, Hsieh TC, Lipshultz LI. Posthumous
sperm utilization in men presenting for sperm banking: an analysis
of patient choice. Andrology 2013;1:251–5. [CrossRef]
- Agarwal A, Tolentino MV, Sidhu RS, Ayzman I, Lee JC, Thomas
AJ, Shekarriz M. Effect of cryopreservation on semen quality in
patients with testicular cancer. Urology 1995;46:382–9. [CrossRef]
- Sheth KR, Sharma V, Helfand BT, Cashy J, Smith K, Hedges JC,
et al. Improved fertility preservation care for male patients with
cancer after establishment of formalized oncofertility program. J
Urol 2012;187:979–86. [CrossRef]
- Machen GL, Harris SE, Bird ET, Brown ML, Ingalsbe DA, East MM,
et al. Utilization of cryopreserved sperm cells based on the indication
for storage. Investig Clin Urol 2018;59:177–81. [CrossRef]
- Johnson MD, Cooper AR, Jungheim ES, Lanzendorf SE, Odem
RR, Ratts VS. Sperm banking for fertility preservation: a 20-year
experience. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013;170:177–82.
[CrossRef]
- Kelleher S, Wishart SM, Liu PY, Turner L, Di Pierro I, Conway AJ,
Handelsman DJ. Long-term outcomes of elective human sperm
cryostorage. Hum Reprod 2001;16:2632–9. [CrossRef]
- Yumura Y, Tsujimura A, Okada H, Ota K, Kitazawa M, Suzuki T,
et al. Current status of sperm banking for young cancer patients
in Japanese nationwide survey. Asian J Androl 2018;20:336–41.
[CrossRef]
- Schover LR, Brey K, Lichtin A, Lipshultz LI, Jeha SJ. Oncologists’
attitudes and practices regarding banking sperm before cancer
treatment. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1890–7. [CrossRef]
- Aygen E. Sperm ve embriyo bankası. İçinde: Aşcı R, Çayan S,
Erdemir F, Orhan İ, Yaman Ö, Usta MF, Kendirci M, Ekmekçioğlu
O, Kadıoğlu A. editörler. Erkek Üreme Sistemi Hastalıkları ve
Tedavisi, 1. Baskı. İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitabevi; 2013. pp.411–27.
- Keros V, Rosenlund B, Hultenby K, Aghajanova L, Levkov L,
Hovatta O. Optimizing cryopreservation of human testicular
tissue: comparison of protocols with glycerol, propanediol
and dimethylsulphoxide as cryoprotectants. Hum Reprod
2005;20:1676–87. [CrossRef]
- Jezek D, Schulze W, Kalanj-Bognar S, Vukelić Z, Milavec-Puretić
V, Krhen I. Effects of various cryopreservation media and freezingthawing on the morphology of rat testicular biopsies. Andrologia
2001;33:368–78. [CrossRef]
- Lu X, Zhang Y, Bai H, Liu J, Li J, Wu B. Mitochondria-targeted
antioxidant MitoTEMPO improves the post-thaw sperm quality.
Cryobiology 2018;80:26–9. [CrossRef]
- Zou YJ, Yang J, Chang S, Xu WM, Yin TL, Long W. Acetyl-Lcarnitine: An effective antioxidant against cryo-damage on human
spermatozoa with asthenospermia. Curr Med Sci 2017;37:915–21.
[CrossRef]
- Najafi A, Adutwum E, Yari A, Salehi E, Mikaeili S, Dashtestani F,
et al. Melatonin affects membrane integrity, intracellular reactive
oxygen species, caspase3 activity and AKT phosphorylation in
frozen thawed human sperm. Cell Tissue Res 2018;372:149–59.
[CrossRef]
- Taft R. Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation Using Cryoprotectant
Containing Monothioglycerol (MTG). Cold Spring Harb Protoc
2017;2017. [CrossRef]
- Isaac AV, Kumari S, Nair R, Urs DR, Salian SR, Kalthur G, et
al. Supplementing zinc oxide nanoparticles to cryopreservation
medium minimizes the freeze-thaw-induced damage to spermatozoa.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017;494:656–62. [CrossRef]
- Ushiyama A, Tajima A, Ishikawa N, Asano A. Modification of
membrane cholesterol and desmosterol in chicken spermatozoa
improves post-thaw survival and prevents impairment of sperm
function after cryopreservation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017;30:591–
9. [CrossRef]
- Aliabadi E, Jahanshahi S, Talaei-Khozani T, Banaei M. Comparison
and evaluation of capacitation and acrosomal reaction in freezethawed human ejaculated spermatozoa treated with L-carnitine
and pentoxifylline. Andrologia 2018;50:e12845. [CrossRef]
- Zhu Z, Ren Z, Fan X, Pan Y, Lv S, Pan C, et al. Cysteine protects
rabbit spermatozoa against reactive oxygen species-induced
damages. PLoS One 2017;12:e0181110. [CrossRef]
- Nabi A, Khalili MA, Talebi AR, Mangoli E, Yari N, Nottola SA, et
al. In-Vitro Application of Pentoxifylline Preserved Ultrastructure
of Spermatozoa After Vitrification in Asthenozoospermic Patients.
Urol J 2017;14:4038–43.
- Agha-Rahimi A, Khalili MA, Nottola SA, Miglietta S, Moradi A.
Cryoprotectant-free vitrification of human spermatozoa in new
artificial seminal fluid. Andrology 2016;4:1037–44. [CrossRef]
- Tomlinson M, Morroll D. Risks associated with cryopreservation:
a survey of assisted conception units in the UK and Ireland. Hum
Fertil (Camb) 2008;11:33–42. [CrossRef]
- Schulz M, Risopatrón J, Matus G, Pineda E, Rojas C, Isachenko V, et
al. Trehalose sustains a higher post-thaw sperm motility than sucrose
in vitrified human sperm. Andrologia 2017;49:e12757. [CrossRef]
- Mungan AG. Sperm ve embriyo bankası. Erkek üreme sistemi
hastalıkları kitabı. Editörler: Kadıoğlu A, Çayan S, Semerci B,
Orhan I, Aşçı R, Yaman MÖ, Usta MF, Kendirci M. Haziran
2004. İstanbul 365–81.
- Lee CY, Lee CT, Wu CH, Hsu CS, Hsu MI. Kruger strict
morphology and post-thaw progressive motility in cryopreserved
human spermatozoa. Andrologia 2012;44:81–6. [CrossRef]
- Yogev L, Paz G, Kleiman SE, Shabtai E, Gamzu R, Botchan A, et
al. Freezability and semen parameters in candidates of sperm bank
donors:1992–2010. J Androl 2012;33:999–1006. [CrossRef]
- Yoon SJ, Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Ryu DY, Park YJ, Pang MG.
Proteomic identification of cryostress in epididymal spermatozoa.
J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016;7:67. [CrossRef]
- Ordoqui R, Barrera N, Montes JM, Canepa M, Bonelli C, Surka
C, et al. A retrospective study on sperm banking: a Uruguayan
experience. JBRA Assist Reprod 2018;22:82–8. [CrossRef]
- MacKenna A, Crosby J, Huidobro C, Correa E, Duque G. Semen
quality before cryopreservation and after thawing in 543 patients with
testicular cancer. JBRA Assist Reprod 2017;21:31–4. [CrossRef]
- Baum M, Orvieto R, Kon S, Machtinger R, Yerushalmi GM,
Hourvitz A. Comparison of effects of thawing entire donor sperm
vial vs. partial thawing (shaving) on sperm quality. J Assist Reprod
Genet 2018;35:645–8. [CrossRef]
- Uribe P, Rojas C, Meriño J, Zambrano F, Villegas JV, Treulen F, et
al. Effect of incubation temperature after devitrification on quality
parameters in human sperm cells. Cryobiology 2017;79:78–81.
[CrossRef]
- Padron OF, Sharma RK, Thomas AJ Jr, Agarwal A. Effects of
cancer on spermatozoa quality after cryopreservation: a 12-year
experience. Fertil Steril 1997;67:326–31. [CrossRef]
- Raspa M, Fray M, Paoletti R, Montoliu L; EMMA/Infrafrontier
Technical Working Group, Giuliani A; Scavizzi F. Long
term maintenance of frozen mouse spermatozoa at -80°C.
Theriogenology 2018;107:41–9. [CrossRef]
- Bogle OA, Kumar K, Attardo-Parrinello C, Lewis SE, Estanyol JM,
Ballescà JL, Oliva R. Identification of protein changes in human
spermatozoa throughout the cryopreservation process. Andrology
2017;5:10–22. [CrossRef]
- Rives N, Perdrix A, Hennebicq S, Saïas-Magnan J, Melin MC,
Berthaut I, et al. The semen quality of 1158 men with testicular
cancer at the time of cryopreservation: results of the French National
CECOS Network. J Androl 2012;33:1394–401. [CrossRef]
- Verza S Jr, Esteves SC. Feasibility of refreezing human spermatozoa
through the technique of liquid nitrogen vapor. Int Braz J Urol
2004;30:487–93. [CrossRef]
- McLaughlin EA, Ford WC, Hull MG. Adenosine triphosphate
and motility characteristics of fresh and cryopreserved human
spermatozoa. Int J Androl 1994;17:19–23. [CrossRef]
- Donnelly ET, McClure N, Lewis SE. Cryopreservation of human
semen and prepared sperm: effects on motility parameters and
DNA integrity. Fertil Steril 2001;76:892–900. [CrossRef]
- Ahmad L, Jalali S, Shami SA, Akram Z, Batool S, Kalsoom
O. Effects of cryopreservation on sperm DNA integrity in
normospermic and four categories of infertile males. Syst Biol
Reprod Med 2010;56:74–83. [CrossRef]
- Thomson LK, Fleming SD, Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN, Zieschang
JA, Clark AM. Cryopreservation-induced human sperm DNA
damage is predominantly mediated by oxidative stress rather than
apoptosis. Hum Reprod 2009;24:2061–70. [CrossRef]
- Amidi F, Pazhohan A, Shabani Nashtaei M, Khodarahmian M,
Nekoonam S. The role of antioxidants in sperm freezing: a review.
Cell Tissue Bank 2016;17:745–756. [CrossRef]
- Fontoura P, Mello MD, Gallo-Sá P, Erthal-Martins MC, Cardoso
MC, Ramos C. Leptin Improves Sperm Cryopreservation via
Antioxidant Defense. J Reprod Infertil 2017;18:172–8.
- Saeednia S, Shabani Nashtaei M, Bahadoran H, Aleyasin A,
Amidi F. Effect of nerve growth factor on sperm quality in
asthenozoospermic men during cryopreservation. Reprod Biol
Endocrinol 2016;14:29. [CrossRef]
- Fabozzi G, Starita MF, Rega E, Alteri A, Colicchia A, Piscitelli
C, Giannini P. Evaluation of the Efficiency of Two Different
Freezing Media and Two Different Protocols to Preserve
Human Spermatozoa from Cryoinjury. Int J Reprod Med
2016;2016:6059757. [CrossRef]
- Cayan S, Lee D, Conaghan J, Givens CA, Ryan IP, Schriock
ED, Turek PJ. A comparison of ICSI outcomes with fresh and
cryopreserved epididymal spermatozoa from the same couples.
Hum Reprod 2001;16:495–9. [CrossRef]
- Vaz CR, Lamim T, Salvador RA, Batschauer APB, Amaral VLL, Til
D. Could cryopreserved human semen samples be stored at -80°C?
JBRA Assist Reprod 2018. [CrossRef]
- Rossato M, Zorzi M, Ferlin A, Garolla A, Foresta C. Effects of
cryopreservation on progesterone-induced ion fluxes and acrosome
reaction in human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 2000;15:1739–43.
[CrossRef]
- Boitrelle F, Albert M, Theillac C, Ferfouri F, Bergere M, Vialard F, et
al. Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa decreases the number
of motile normal spermatozoa, induces nuclear vacuolization and
chromatin decondensation. J Androl 2012;33:1371–8. [CrossRef]
- Gatimel N, Leandri R, Parinaud J. Sperm vacuoles are not
modified by freezing –thawing procedures. Reprod Biomed Online
2013;26:240–6.
- Ferrari S, Paffoni A, Filippi F, Busnelli A, Vegetti W, Somigliana E.
Sperm cryopreservation and reproductive outcome in male cancer
patients: a systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online 2016;33:29–
38. [CrossRef]
- Muller I, Oude Ophuis RJ, Broekmans FJ, Lock TM. Semen
cryopreservation and usage rate for assisted reproductive technology
in 898 men with cancer. Reprod Biomed Online 2016;32:147–53.
[CrossRef]
- Crha I, Ventruba P, Zakova J, Huser M, Kubesova B, Hudecek R,
Jarkovsky J. Survival and infertility treatment in male cancer patients
after sperm banking. Fertil Steril 2009;91:2344–8. [CrossRef]
- van Casteren NJ, van Santbrink EJ, van Inzen W, Romijn JC,
Dohle GR. Use rate and assisted reproduction technologies
outcome of cryopreserved semen from 629 cancer patients. Fertil
Steril 2008;90:2245–50. [CrossRef]
- Garg T, LaRosa C, Strawn E, Robb P, Sandlow JI. Outcomes
after testicular aspiration and testicular tissue cryopreservation
for obstructive azoospermia and ejaculatory dysfunction. J Urol
2008;180:2577–80. [CrossRef]
- Chung K, Irani J, Knee G, Efymow B, Blasco L, Patrizio P. Sperm
cryopreservation for male patients with cancer: an epidemiological
analysis at the University of Pennsylvania. Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol 2004;113:S7–11. [CrossRef]
- Gilbert K, Nangia AK, Dupree JM, Smith JF, Mehta A.
Fertility preservation for men with testicular cancer: Is sperm
cryopreservation cost effective in the era of assisted reproductive
technology? Urol Oncol 2018;36:92.e1–9 [CrossRef]
- Girasole CR, Cookson MS, Smith JA, Ivey BS, Roth BJ, Chang SS.
Sperm banking: use and outcomes in patients treated for testicular
cancer. BJU Int 2007;99:33–6. [CrossRef]
- Magelssen H, Haugen TB, von Düring V, Melve KK, Sandstad B,
Fosså SD. Twenty years experience with semen cryopreservation in
testicular cancer patients: who needs it? Eur Urol 2005;48:779–85.
[CrossRef]
- Ping P, Zhu WB, Zhang XZ, Yao KS, Xu P, Huang YR, Li Z. Sperm
banking for male reproductive preservation: a 6-year retrospective
multi-centre study in China. Asian J Androl 2010;12:356–62.
[CrossRef]
- Bunge RG, Sherman JK. Fertilizing capacity of frozen human
spermatozoa. Nature 1953;172:767–8. [CrossRef]
67. Feldschuh J, Brassel J, Durso N, Levine A. Successful sperm storage
for 28 years. Fertil Steril 2005;84:1017.e3–4 [CrossRef]
- Clarke GN, Liu DY, Baker HW. Recovery of human sperm
motility and ability to interact with the human zona pellucida
after more than 28 years of storage in liquid nitrogen. Fertil Steril
2006;86:721–2. [CrossRef]
- Freour T, Mirallie S, Jean M, Barriere P. Sperm banking and assisted
reproductive outcome in men with cancer: a 10 years’ experience.
Int J Clin Oncol 2012;17:598–603. [CrossRef]
- Sun J, Chen W, Zhou L, Hu J, Li Z, Zhang Z, Wu Y. Successful
delivery derived from cryopreserved rare human spermatozoa with
novel cryopiece. Andrology 2017;5:832–7. [CrossRef]
- Johnston RC, Kovacs GT, Lording DH, Baker HW. Correlation
of semen variables and pregnancy rates for donor insemination: a
15-year retrospective. Fertil Steril 1994;61:355–9. [CrossRef]
- De Croo I, Van der Elst J, Everaert K, De Sutter P, Dhont M.
Fertilization, pregnancy and embryo implantation rates after ICSI
with fresh or frozen-thawed testicular spermatozoa. Hum Reprod
1998;13:1893–7. [CrossRef]
- Friedler S, Raziel A, Soffer Y, Strassburger D, Komarovsky D,
Ron-El R. Intracytoplasmic injection of fresh and cryopreserved
testicular spermatozoa in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia
–a comparative study. Fertil Steril 1997;68:892–7. [CrossRef]
- Habermann H, Seo R, Cieslak J, Niederberger C, Prins GS, Ross
L. In vitro fertilization outcomes after intracytoplasmic sperm
injection with fresh or frozen-thawed testicular spermatozoa. Fertil
Steril 2000;73:955–60. [CrossRef]
- Tournaye H, Merdad T, Silber S, Joris H, Verheyen G,
Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A. No differences in outcome after
intracytoplasmic sperm injection with fresh or with frozen-thawed
epididymal spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 1999;14:90–5. [CrossRef]
- Sukcharoen N, Sithipravej T, Promviengchai S, Chinpilas
V, Boonkasemsanti W. Comparison of the outcome of
intracytoplasmic sperm injection using fresh and frozen-thawed
epididymal spermatozoa obtained by percutaneous epididymal
sperm aspiration. J Med Assoc Thai 2001;84:S331–7.
- Park YS, Lee SH, Song SJ, Jun JH, Koong MK, Seo JT. Influence of
motility on the outcome of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic
sperm injection with fresh vs. frozen testicular sperm from men
with obstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2003;80:526–30.
[CrossRef]
- Levron J, Madgar I, Shefi S, Meirow D, Wiser A, Bider D, et al.
IVF outcome with cryopreserved testicular sperm. Andrologia
2011;43:48–51. [CrossRef]
- Wood S, Sephton V, Searle T, Thomas K, Schnauffer K, Troup S, et
al. Effect on clinical outcome of the interval between collection of
epididymal and testicular spermatozoa and intracytoplasmic sperm
injection in obstructive azoospermia. J Androl 2003;24:67–72.
- Vanderzwalmen P, Hiemer A, Rubner P, Bach M, Neyer A,
Stecher A, et al. Blastocyst development after sperm selection at
high magnification is associated with size and number of nuclear
vacuoles. Reprod Biomed Online 2008;17:617–27. [CrossRef]
- Gorrill MJ, Burry KA, Patton PE. Pregnancy outcomes using
donor sperm insemination after failed in vitro fertilization with
intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles in couples with complex
infertility disorders. Fertil Steril 2003;80:936–8. [CrossRef]
- Schachter-Safrai N, Karavani G, Levitas E, Friger M, Zeadna A,
Lunenfeld E, Har-Vardi I. Does cryopreservation of sperm affect
fertilization in nonobstructive azoospermia or cryptozoospermia?
Fertil Steril 2017;107:1148–52. [CrossRef]
- Reignier A, Lammers J, Splingart C, Redhead D, Labat JJ,
Mirallié S, et al. Sperm cryopreservation and assisted reproductive
technology outcome in patients with spinal cord injury. Andrologia
2018;50:e12833. [CrossRef]
- Vicdan K, Akarsu C, Sözen E, Buluç B, Vicdan A, Yılmaz Y,
Biberoğlu K. Outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection using
fresh and cryopreserved-thawed testicular spermatozoa in 83
azoospermic men with Klinefelter syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol
Res 2016;42:1558–66. [CrossRef]
- Belva F, Henriet S, Van den Abbeel E, Camus M, Devroey P, Van
der Elst J, et al. Neonatal outcome of 937 children born after
transfer of cryopreserved embryos obtained by ICSI and IVF and
comparison with outcome data of fresh ICSI and IVF cycles. Hum
Reprod 2008;23:2227–38. [CrossRef]
- Wada I, Macnamee MC, Wick K, Bradfield JM, Brinsden PR.
Birth characteristics and perinatal outcome of babies conceived
from cryopreserved embryos. Hum Reprod 1994;9:543–6.
[CrossRef]
- Li HZ, Qiao J, Chi HB, Chen XN, Liu P, Ma CH. Comparison
of the major malformation rate of children conceived from
cryopreserved embryos and fresh embryos. Chin Med J (Engl)
2010;123:1893–7.
- Tournaye H, Goossens E, Verheyen G, Frederickx V, De Block
G, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A. Preserving the reproductive
potential of men and boys with cancer: current concepts and future
prospects. Hum Reprod Update 2004;10:525–32. [CrossRef]
- Milazzo JP, Vaudreuil L, Cauliez B, Gruel E, Massé L, MoussetSiméon N, et al. Comparison of conditions for cryopreservation of
testicular tissue from immature mice. Hum Reprod 2008;23:17–
28. [CrossRef]