Otel İşletmelerinde Yöneticilerin Liderlik Yönelimleri ve İşletme Performansı İlişkisi

Bu çalışmanın amacı otel işletmeleri yöneticilerinin liderlik yönelimleri ile işletmelerin performansları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Çalışma kapsamında Türkiye’deki beş yıldızlı otel işletmelerinin işletme performansları ve yöneticilerinin liderlik yönelimleri araştırılmış, işletme yöneticilerinin liderlik yönelimleri ile işletme performansı arasında anlamlı bir ilişkinin olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Araştırmada gereksinim duyulan verilerin toplanmasında yapılandırılmış bir anket kullanılmıştır. Anket uygulamasının ana kitlesini çalışmanın yürütüldüğü dönemde Türkiye’de faaliyet göstermekte olan tüm beş yıldızlı otel işletmelerinin genel müdürleri oluşturmuş ve sonucunda 51 adet anket formuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda otel yöneticilerinin önemli bir bölümünün liderlik yönelimi olarak yüksek düzeyde göreve ve orta düzeyde insana yönelimli olduğu, otellerin işletme performanslarına bakıldığında ise genel olarak “iyi düzeyde” performans gösterdikleri anlaşılmıştır. Otel yöneticilerinin liderlik yönelimleri ile otellerin performans düzeyi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığı belirlenmiştir.

The Relationship between the Managers’ Leadership Styles and Business Performance in Hotel Businesses

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the managers’ leadership styles and business performances in hotel businesses. Within the scope of the study, the business performances of the five star hotels in Turkey and the leadership styles of their managers were investigated and it was examined whether there was a significant relationship between the managers’ leadership styles and business performance. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data needed in the study. The general managers of the all five star hotels which were in operation in Turkey in the time period this study was being conducted formed the main population for the questionnaire application, and 51 questionnaire forms were attained. At the conclusion of the research it was understood that a considerable part of the hotel managers were task-oriented at a high level and people-oriented at a medium level as leadership styles and, when looked at the business performances of the hotels, they generally performed at a “good level”. It was found that there was not a significant relationship between the leadership styles of hotel managers and business performance levels of the hotels.

PDF

___

Alleyne, P., Doherty, L. ve Greenidge, D. (2006). Human Resource Management and Performance in the Barbados Hotel Industry, Hospitality Management, (in press).
Arıkan, S. (2001). Otoriter ve Demokratik Liderlik Tarzları Açısından Atatürk’ün Liderlik Davranışlarının Değerlendirilmesi, H.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi,19 (1): 231-257.
Atkinson, H. ve Brander-Brown, J. (2001). Rethinking Performance Measures: Assessing Progress in UK Hotels, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13 (3): 128–135.
Bass, B. M. ve Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture.Public Administration Quarterly, 17 (1): 112-125.
Başaran, İ. E. (1992). Yönetimde İnsan İlişkileri, Ankara: Kadıoğlu Matbaası.
Barutçugil, İ. S. (1989). Turizm İşletmeciliği. 3. Baskı. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A. Ş.
Brodbeck, F. C., et al. (2000). Cultural Variation of Leadership Prototypes Across 22 European Countries. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73 (2000): 1–29.
Bowers, D. G. ve Seashore, S. E. (1966). Predicting Organizational Effectiveness with a four –Factor Theory of Leadership, Administrative Science Quarterly, 2 (1966): 238-263.
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York, NY.: Harper and Row.
Can, H. (2002). Organizasyon ve Yönetim, 6. Baskı. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
Cappelli, P. ve Neumark, D. (2001). Do High Performance Work Practices Improve Establishment Level Outcomes?, Industrial and Labor Relations Rewiev, 54 (4): 737-775.
Caruana, A. ve Pitt, L. (1997). INTQUAL – an Internal Measure of Service Quality and the Link Between Service Quality and Business Performance, European Journal of Marketing, 31 (8): 604-616.
Ceylan, A. ve Ulutürk, Y. H. (2006). Rol Belirsizliği, Rol Çatışması, İş Tatmini ve Performans Arasındaki İlişkiler, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7 (1): 48-58.
Coakes, J. S. ve Steed, G. L. (2001). SPSS: Analysis without Anguish: Version 10.0 for Windows. Brisbane: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
Correa, J. A. A., Morales, G. V., Pozo, E. C. (2005). Leadership and Organizational Learnings Role on Innovation and Performance: Lessons From Spain, Industrial Marketing Management,7 (1): 1-11.
Cho, S., Woods, R. H., Jang, S. ve Erdem, M. (2006). Measuring the Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Hospitality Firms’ Performances, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 25 (2): 262-277.
Cronin, J. J. ve Page, T. J. (1988). An Examination of the Relative Impact of Growth Strategies on Profit Performance, European Journal of Marketing, 22 (1): 57-68.
Çakıcı, A. C. ve Eren, D. (2005). Otel İşletmeciliğinde Pazar Yönlülük ve Pazar Yönlülük-Performans İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma ve Sonuçları, H. Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23 (1): 157-178.
Damonte, L. T., Rompf, P. D., Bahl, R. ve Domke, D. J. (1997). Brand Affiliation and Property Size Effects on Measures of Performance in Lodging Properties, Hospitality Research Journal, 20 (3): 1-16.
Dyer, L. ve Reeves, T. (1995). Human Resource Strategies and Firm Performance: What do We Know and Where do We Need to Go? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6 (3): 656-671.
Ergeneli, A. (2006). Örgüt ve İnsan, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Basımevi.
Espino-Rodriguez, T. F. ve Pardon-Robaina, V. (2005). A Resource-based View of Outsourcing and Its Implications for Organizational Performance in the Hotel Sector, Tourism Management, 26 (2005): 707–721.
Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error, Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (2): 39-50.
Garrigos-Simon, F. J., Marques, D. P. ve Narangajavana, Y. (2005). Competitive Strategies and Performance in Spanish Hospital Firms, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17 (2005): 22–38.
Golden, B. R. (1992). SBU Strategy and Performance: the Moderating Effects of the Corporate – SBU Relationship. Strategy Management Journal, 13 (2): 145-158.
Hancott, D. E. (2005). The Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Performance in the Largest Public Companies in Canada (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi). Capella Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi.
Hennessey, J. T. (1998). Reinventing Government: Does Leadership Make the Difference?, Public Administration Review, 58 (6): 522-528.
House, R. J., ve Aditya, R. N. (1997). The Social Scientific Study of Leadership: qua vadis? Journal of Management, 23 (3): 409-447.
Ichniowski, C., Shaw, K. ve Prennushi, G. (1995). The Effects of Human Resources Management Practices on Productivity, NBER Working Paper 5333, Columbia University.
Juwaheer, T. D. (2004). Exploring International Tourists’ Perceptions of Hotel Operations by Using a Modified SERVQUAL Approach: a Case Study of Mauritius, Managing Service Quality, 14 (5): 350-364.
Kennedy, J. R. ve Anderson, R. D. (2002). Impact of Leadership style and Emotions on Subordinate Performance, The Leadership Quarterly, 13 (1): 545-559.
Kim, H. ve Kim, W. G. (2005). The Relationship between Brand Equity and Firms’ Performance in Luxury Hotels and Chain Restaurants, Tourism Management, 26 (2005): 549-560.
Koçel, T. (2003). İşletme Yöneticiliği, 9. Baskı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
Koopman, P. L., et al. (1999). National Culture and Leadership Profiles in Europe: Some Results from the GLOBE Study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8 (1999): 503–520.
Kozak, A.M. (1994). Turizm Sektöründe Yönetici Kadınlar, Anatolia Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1994: 48-49.
Kozak, A.M. (1997). Konaklama Endüstrisinde Kadın Yöneticilerin Yönetsel davranışları ve Etkinlik Algılamalarının Analizi, TUGEV- Turizmde Seçma Makaleler, 27: 1-27.
Lado, A. A., Boyd, N. C. ve Wright, P. (1992). A Competency-based Model of Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Towards a Conceptual Integration, Journal of Management, 18 (1992): 77–91.
Larson, L., L. ve Rowland, K. M. (1973). Leadership Style, Stress and Behavior in Task Performance, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 9: 407-420.
Leli, L. (1999). The Relationship between Planning, Transformational Leadership and Transactional Management (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi). Illinois Üniversitesi.
Lumpkin, G. T. ve Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance, Academy of Management Review, 21 (1): 135-172.
Luthans, F. (1992). Organizational Behavior. 4. Baskı. New Jersey, NJ: McGraw Hill, Inc.
Masry, E. S., Katara, H. ve Demerdash E. J. (2004). A Comparative Study on Leadership Styles Adopted by General Managers: a Case Study in Egypt, Anotalia: an International Journal of Tourism And Hospitality Research, 15 (2):109-124.
Matsuno, K., Mentzer, J. T. ve Rentz, J. O. (2000). A Refinement and Validation of the MARKOR Scale, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28 (4): 527-539.
Neely, A., Gregory, M. ve Platts, K. (1995). Performance Measurement System Design: a Literature Review and Research Agenda, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 15 (4): 85-116.
Nunnally, J. C. ve Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory. 3. Baskı. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.
Öktem, S. V. (2001). Marketing Orientation and Business Performance of the Five Star Hotels in Turkey, Maltepe Üniversitesi Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 1 (2001): 1-16.
Page, S. J., Forer, P. ve Lawton, G. R. (1999). Small Business Development and Tourism: Terra Incognita?, Tourism Management, 20 (1999): 435-459.
Parasuraman, A., Berry, L. L. ve Zeithaml, V. A. (1991). Refinement and Reassessment of the SERVQUAL Scale, Journal of Retailing, 67 (4): 420-450.
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A. ve Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: a Multiple Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality, Journal of Retailing, 64(1): 12-40.
Phillips, P. A. (1996). Strategic Planning and Business Performance in the Quoted UK Hotel Sector, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 15 (1996): 347-362.
Phillips, P. A. (1999). Performance Measurement Systems and Hotels: a New Conceptual Framework, Hospitality Management, 18 (1999): 171-182.
Pittaway, L., Carmouche, R. ve Chell, E. (1998). The Way Forward: Leadership Research in the Hospitality Industry, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 17 (1998): 407-426.
Reichel, A. ve Haber, S. (2005). A Three-sector Comparison of the Business Performance of Small Tourism Enterprises: an Exploratory Study, Tourism Management, 26 (2005): 681-690.
Robbins, P. S. (1991). Organizational Behavior Concepts, Controversies and Applications, 5. Baskı. USA, Prentice- Hall Internetional.
Rowe, W. G. (2001). Creating Wealth in Organizations: The Role of Strategic Leadership, Academy of Management Executive, 15 (2001): 81–94.
Saleh, F. ve Ryan, C. (1992). Analysing Service Quality in the Hospitality Industry Using the SERVQUAL Model. The Service Industries Journal, 11 (3): 324-343.
Samson, D. ve Terziovski, M. (1999). The Relationship Between Total Quality Management and Operational Performance, Journal of Operations Management, 17 (1999): 393-409.
Sekaran, U. (2000). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach, 3. Baskı. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Shea, C. M. (1999). The Effect of Leadership Style on Performance Improvement on a Manufacturing Task, Journal of Business, 72 (3): 407-422.
Sin, L. Y. M., Tse, A. C. B., Heung, V. C. S. ve Yim, F. H. K. (2005). An Analysis of the Relationship Between Market Orientation and Business Performance in the Hotel Industry, Hospitality Management, 24 (4): 555-577.
Slattery, P. ve Olsen, M. D. (1984). Hospitality Organisations and their Environment, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 3 (1984): 55-61.
Snow, C. C. ve Hrebiniak, L. G. (1980). Strategy, Distinctive Competence, and Organizational Performance, Administrative Science Quarterly, 25 (1980): 317-336.
Suar, D., H.R.T. ve Chaturbedi, K.R. (2006). Subordinates Perception of Leadership Styles and Their Work Behaviour, Psychology and Developing Societies, 18 (1): 95-114.
Tabak, A. (2001). Tarihsel Gelişim İçerisinde Liderlik Tanımları ve Liderlik Kavramının Günümüzdeki Yeri, KHO. Bilim Dergisi, 11 (2): 1-13.
Taner, B. (1994). Konaklama Endüstrisinde Yönetim Biçimleri: Beş Yıldızlı Oteller Üzerinde Bir Çalışma, Anatolia Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, Aralık Sayısı: 41-46.
Taşkıran, E. (2006). Otel İşletmelerinde Çalışan Yöneticilerin Liderlik Yönelimleri: İstanbul’daki Beş Yıldızlı Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Araştırma, Anatolia Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17 (2): 169-184.
Tengilimoğlu, D. (2005). Kamu ve Özel Sektör Örgütlerinde Liderlik Davranışı Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Alan Araştırması, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4 (14): 1-16.
Tse, A. C. B., Sin, L. Y. M., Yau, O. H. M., Lee, J. S. Y. ve Chow, R. (2003). Market Orientation and Business Performance in a Chinese Business Environment, Journal of Business Research, 56 (2003): 227-239.
Uzun, G. (2005). Kadın ve Erkek Yöneticilerin Lider Davranışları Arasındaki Farklılıklar ve Bankacılık Sektöründe Bir Uygulama. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adana: Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Waldman, D. A., Ramirez, G. G., House, R. J. ve Puranam, P. (2001). Does Leadership Matter? CEO Leadership Attributes and Profitability under Conditions of Perceived Environmental Uncertainty, Academy of Management Journal, 44 (1): 134-144.
Walker, O. C. Jr., ve Ruekert, R. W. (1987). Marketing’s Role in the Implementation of Business Strategies: a Critical Review and Conceptual Framework, Journal of Marketing, 51 (July): 15-33.
Watkins, E. ve Sheehan, P. (2005). Chain Leaders, Lodging Hospitality, 61 (4):26-32.
Worsfold, P. (1989). Leadership and Managerial Effectiveness in the Hospitality Industry, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 8 (2): 145-155.
Yammarino, F. ve Bass, B. M. (1990). Transformational Leadership and Multiple Levels of Leadership, Human Relations, 43 (1990): 975-995.
Yazıcıoğlu, Y. ve Erdoğan, S. (2004). SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Zel, U. (2001). Kişilik ve Liderlik. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
Zhao, J. L. ve Merna, K. M. (1992). Impact Analysis and the International Environment. İçinde R. Teare ve M. Olsen (Editörler), International Hospitality Management (ss. 3-30). New York, NY: Pitman.
Zhu, W., Chew, I. K. H. ve Spangler, W. D. (2005). CEO Transformational Leadership and Organizational Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Human–Capital-Enhancing Human Resource Management, The Leadership Quarterly, 16 (2005): 39-52.
İnternet Kaynakları
(1) T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. “Turizm Tesislerinin Belgelendirilmesine ve Niteliklerine İlişkin Yönetmelik”, http://www.kultur.gov.tr/teftis/BelgeGoster.aspx?, 21.04.2006.
(2) TURSAB, Türkiye Seyahat Acentaları Birliği. “Turistik Tesis ve İşletmeler”, http://www.tursab.org.tr/content/turkish/istatistikler/gostergeler/TESISTUR.asp. 29.05.2006.