Do Subjective Norms and Willingness to Overpay Have an Effect on the Intention to Use Renewable Energy Sources?

In this study, the behavior of using renewable energy sources (RES) has been investigated in the concept of planned behavior theory (PBT), taking into account the knowledge level and external concerns of environmental issues and RES. The willingness to overpay for energy demand by RES was also investigated. To this aim, a questionnaire was created and applied to 337 public officers from different sectors in Turkey. The questionnaire results were then analyzed by Structural Equality Modeling (SEM). In conclusion, it has been determined that the knowledge level on environmental issues has significant effects on environmental issues, which forced people to learn about RES. So, the intention of using RES is affected positively. Another important result obtained in the study is that the knowledge about RES affects the willingness to overpay. In addition, subjective norms have an impact on the attitude towards the use of RES.

___

  • Ajzen I (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 50(2),179–211. doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
  • Ajzen, I. and Driver, B. L. (1992). Application of the theory of planned behavior to leisure choice. Journal of Leisure Research, 24, 207- 224. doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1992.11969889.
  • Ajzen, I. and Fishbein, M. (1975). A Bayesian analysis of attribution processes. Psychological Bulletin, 82(2), 261-277. doi.org/10.1037/h0076477.
  • Ajzen, I., Joyce, N., Sheikh, S. and Cote, N.G. (2017). Knowledge and the prediction of behavior: the role of information accuracy in the theory of planned behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 101-117. doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2011.568834.
  • Alam, S., Hashim, N., Rashid, M., Omar, N., Ahsan, N., and Ismail, M. (2014). Small-scale households' renewable energy usage intention: theoretical development and empirical settings, Renewable Energy, 68, 255-263. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.02.010.
  • Altunisik, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroglu, S. and Yildirim E. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri SPSS uygulamalı. Sakarya, Sakarya Kitabevi.
  • Armitage, C.J., and Conner, M.T. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analytical review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471-499. doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939.
  • Arslan, O., and Arslan A.E. (2022a). Pareto principle-based advanced exergetic evaluation of geothermal district heating system: Simav case study. Journal of Building Engineering, 58, 1-16. doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105035.
  • Arslan, O., and Arslan A.E. (2022b). Performance evaluation and multi-criteria decision analysis of thermal energy storage integrated geothermal district heating system. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 167, 21-33. doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.08.073.
  • Arslan, A.E. (2022a). Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Kullanımında Çevresel Motivasyonlar ve Ahlaki Normun Rolü: Bilecik Örneği. [The Role of Environmental Motivations and the Moral Norm in the Use of Renewable Energy Resources: The Case of Bilecik]. Alanya Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 6(3), 2775-2808. doi: 10.29023/alanyaakademik.1098224.
  • Arslan, E.A. (2022b, February). Investigation of public workers' opinions on renewable energy sources according to different variables. International Euroasia Congress on Scientific Researches and Recent Trends 9. Antalya, Turkey.
  • Arslan. E.A. (2022c, January). Investigation of factors affecting the environmental awareness and attitude behavior of officers. V-International European Conference on Interdisciplinary Scientific Research. Valencia, Spain.
  • Arslan, O. (2021). Performance analysis of a novel heat recovery system with hydrogen production designed for the improvement of boiler effectiveness. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(10/8), 7558-7572. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.253.
  • Arslan, O., and Kilic, D. (2021). Concurrent optimization and 4E analysis of organic Rankine cycle power plant driven by parabolic trough collector for low-solar radiation zone. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 46, 101230. doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101230.
  • Arslan, O. (2010). Technoeconomic analysis of electricity generation from wind energy in Kutahya, Turkey. Energy, 35(1), 120-131. doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.09.002.
  • Arslan, A.E., and Guven, O. Z. (2020). GTKM Kapsamında Akademisyenlerin Çevrimiçi Tatil Satın Alma Davranışlarında eWOM’un Etkisi. [The effect of ewom on the online holiday purchase behaviors of academics within of ETAM]. Journal of Business Research-Turk, 12(1), 43-64. doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.827.
  • Arslan, A.E. (2018). Güven, imaj ve elektronik ağızdan ağıza iletişimin çevrimiçi satın alma niyeti üzerine etkisi: Akademisyenler üzerinde bir uygulama. [The effect of confidence, image and electronic word of mouth on online holiday purchasing intention: An application on the academics]. Institute of Social Sicences, Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Ph.D. Thesis.
  • Arslan, F. and Uzun, A. (2017). Yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarının sosyal kabul boyutu. [The Investments aspect of social acceptance of renewable energy]. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 51, 95-116. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/dpusbe/issue/27739/294759.
  • Bagozzi, R.P., and Warshaw, P.R. (1990). Trying to consume. Journal of Consumer Research, 17, 127-140. doi.org/10.1086/208543.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Bang, H.K., Ellinger, A.E., Hadjimarcou, J., and Patrick, A.T. (2000). Consumer concern, knowledge, belief, an attitude toward renewable energy: an application of the reasoned action theory. Psychology & Marketing, 17(6), 449- 468. doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(200006)17:6%3C449::AID- AR2%3E3.0.CO;2-8.
  • Batley, S.L., Colbourne, D., Fleming, P.D., and Urwin P. (2001). Citizen versus consumer: challenges in the UK green power market. Energy Policy, 29(6), 479-487. doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00142-7.
  • Bayrac, H.N., and Cemrek, F. (2022). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye'nin enerji bağımlılığı ve enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi [The European union and Turkey's enegry dependence and it's impact on economic growth of energy consumption]. Mehmet Akif Ersoy İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 742-762. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.799842
  • Bentler, P.M. (1989). EQS structural equations program manual BMDP Statistical Software. Los Angeles: Multivariate Software.
  • Bernhard, J.K., and Jutta, R. (2016). Citizens’ willingness to participate in local renewable energy projects: The role of community and trust in Germany. Energy Research & Social Science, 13, 60-70. doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.006.
  • Buyukozturk, S. (2002). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Academy
  • Celikler, D., and Aksan, Z. (2016). The development of an attitude scale to assess the attitudes of high school students towards renewable energy sources. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1092-1098. doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.049.
  • Chen, K.K. (2014). Assessing the effects of customer innovativeness, environmental value and ecological lifestyles on residential solar power systems install intention. Energy Policy, 67, 951-961. doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.005.
  • Chiou, J.,S., Droge, C. and Hanvanich, S. (2002). Does customer knowledge affect how loyalty is formed? Journal of Service Research, 5(2), 113–124. doi.org/10.1177%2F109467002237494.
  • Conner, M., and Armitage, C.J. (1998). Extending the theory of planned behavior: A review and avenues for further research. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18(15), 1429-1464. doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01685.x.
  • De Leeuw, A., Valois, P., Ajzen, I., and Schmidt, P. (2015). Using the theory of planned behavior to identify key beliefs underlying pro-environmental behavior in high-school students: implications for educational interventions. Journal Environmental Psychology, 42, 128-138. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.03.005.
  • Dienes, C. (2015). Actions and intentions to pay for climate change mitigation: environmental concern and the role of economic factors. Ecological Economics, 109, 122–129. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.11.012
  • Dogan, E., and Muhammad, I. (2019). Willingness to pay for renewable electricity: A contingent valuation study in Turkey. The Electricity Journal, 32, 106677. doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2019.106677.
  • Dolarslan, E.S. (2013). Kalite, değer ve tatminin davranışsal niyet üzerine etkileri: perakendecilik sektöründe alternatif modellerin değerlendirilmesi. [The effects of quality, value and satisfaction on behavioral intentions: Evaluation of Alternative Models in the Retail Industry]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(2), 15-52. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.11.012.
  • Dwyer, P.C., Maki, A., and Rothman, A.J. (2015). Promoting energy conservation behavior in public settings: the influence of social norms and personal responsibility. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 30-34. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.002.
  • Dzewaltowski, D.A., Noble, J.M., and Shaw, J.M. (1990). Physical activity participation: Social cognitive theory versus the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 12(4), 388–405. Retrieved from: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1991-18363-001.
  • Eagly, A.H., Chaiken, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In: Gilbert, D.T., Fiske, S.T., Lindzey, G. (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology. New York: Oxford Universty Press.
  • Ediger, S.V. and Kentmen, C. (2010). Enerjinin toplumsal boyutu ve Türk halkının enerji tercihleri. [Social dimension of energy and energy choices of Turkish public]. Mülkiye, 34(268), 281-301. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/mulkiye/issue/269/619.
  • Egea, J.M.O. and Frutos, N.G. (2013). Toward consumption reduction: An environmentally motivated perspective. Psychology & Marketing, 30, 660– 675. doi.org/10.1002/mar.20636.
  • Ekins, P. (1996). How large a carbon tax is justified by the secondary benefits of CO2 abatement? Resource and Energy Economics, 18(2), 161-187. doi.org/10.1016/0928-7655(96)00003-6.
  • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency of United States). (2022-a). Climate Impacts on Ecosystems. (Available from: https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts).
  • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency of United States). (2022-b). Overview of Greenhouse Gases. (Available from: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases).
  • Erten, S. (2002). Kız ve erkek ögrencilerin evde enerji tasarrufu yapma davranış amaçlarının Planlanmış Davranış Teorisi yardımıyla araştırılması. [Research on about energy saving of intention toward the behaviour at homes for male and female students by the application of the theory of planned behavior ]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22, 67-73. Retrieved from: http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/931-published.pdf
  • Fang, X., Wang, L., Sun, C., Zheng, X. and Wei, J. (2021). Gap between words and actions: Empirical study on consistency of residents supporting renewable energy development in China. Energy Policy, 148(Part A), 111945. doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111945.
  • Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior the reasoned action approach. New York: Psychology Press.
  • Fornell, C., and Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. doi.org/10.1177%2F002224378101800104.
  • Fosil Yakıtların Can Yakan Gizli Maliyetleri, İklim haber, (2017). Available from: https://www.iklimhaber.org/fosil-yakitlarin-can-yakan-gizli-maliyetleri/, (29.03.2022).
  • Fraj, E., and Martinez, E. (2006). Environmental values and lifestyles as determining factors of ecological consumer behavior: an empirical analysis. Journal Consumer Marketing, 23, 133-144. Retrieved from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/0736-3761.htm
  • Fransson, N., and Gärling, T. (1999). Environmental concern: Conceptual definitions, measurement methods, and research findings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(4), 369–382. doi:10.1006/jevp.1999.0141.
  • Gadenne, D., Sharma, B., Kerr, D., and Smith, T. (2011). The influence of consumers’ environmental beliefs and attitudes on energy saving behaviors. Energy Policy, 39, 7684-7694. doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.09.002.
  • Gamel, J., Bauer A.,  Decker, T., and Menrad, K. (2022). Financing wind energy projects: An extended theory of planned behavior approach to explain private households’ wind energy investment intentions in Germany, Renewable Energy, 182, 592-601. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.09.108.
  • Garson, G.D. (2004). Multivariate analysis for applied social science. Retrieved March 14, 2004, Available from http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/ pa765/path.htm
  • Gifford, R., and Nilsson, A. (2014). Personal and social factors that influence pro-environmental concern and behaviour: a review. International Journal of Psychology, 49, 141-157. doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12034.
  • Gunes, V. (2019). Çevreci tüketim davranişinin belirleyicilerinin görece etkilerinin incelenmesi. [Analyzing the relative effects of determinants of environmental consumption behavior]. (Doktora tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi İşletme Enstitüsü, Sakarya). Retrieved from: https://acikerisim.sakarya.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12619/68681/T09015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Gurcum, B.H., and Yildirim, R. (2018). Yeşil pazarlama ve dünyadan bir yeşil tekstil işletmesi: ECOALF. [Green marketing and a worldwide green textile company: ECOALF]. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 68, 222-233. dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS7610.
  • Ha, H.Y., and Janda, S. (2012) Predicting consumer intentions to purchase energy-efficient products. J Consum Mark, 29(7), 461–469. doi: 10.1108/07363761211274974.
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Halder P., Pietarinen J., Havu-Nuutinen S., Pöllänen S., and Pelkonen P. (2016). The Theory of Planned Behavior model and students' intentions to use bioenergy: A cross-cultural perspective, Renewable Energy, 89, 627-635. doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.023.
  • Han, H., Hsu, L.T., ve Lee, J.S. (2009). Empirical investigation of the roles of attitudes toward green behaviors, overall image, gender, and age in hotel customers’ eco-friendly decision-making process. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 519–528. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.02.004.
  • Han, H., Hsu, L.-T., and Sheu, C. (2010). Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to green hotel choice: testing the effect of environmental friendly activities. Tourism Management, 31, 325-334. doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.03.013.
  • Hansla, A., Gamble, A., Juliusson, A. and Gärling, T. (2008). Psychological determinants of attitude towards and willingness to pay for green electricity. Energy Policy, 36, 768-74. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.027.
  • Hansmann, R., Laurenti, R., Mehdi, T., and Binder, C.R. (2020). Determinants of pro-environmental behavior: a comparison of university students and staff from diverse faculties at a Swiss University. Journal of Clean Production, 268, 121864. doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121864.
  • Harland, P., Staats, H., and Wilke, H.A. (1999). Explaining pro-environmental intention and behavior by personal norms and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(12), 2505-2528. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00123.x.
  • Haron, S.A., Paim, L., and Yahaya, N. (2005). Towards sustainable consumption: An examination of environmental knowledge among Malaysians. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 29(5), 426–436. doi:10.1111/ijc.2005.29. doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2005.00440.x.
  • Henry, J.W., and Stone, R.W. (1994). A structural equation model of end-user satisfaction with a computer-based medical information systems. Information Resourch Management Journal, 7(3), 21-33. doi: 10.4018/irmj.1994070102.
  • Hobson, K. (2003). Thinking Habits into Action: The role of knowledge and process in questioning household consumption practices. The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability. 8(1), 95-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135498303200041359.
  • Hussain, M., Khan, M., Al-Aomar, R. A. (2016). Framework for supply chain sustainability in service industry with Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1301–1312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.097.
  • Jamison, A. (2003). The making of green knowledge: the contribution from activism. Futures, 35(7), 703-716. doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(03)00023-5.
  • Jensen, B.B. (2002). Knowledge, action and pro-environmental behavior. Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 325-334. doi.org/10.1080/13504620220145474.
  • Johnson, R.A., and Wichern, D.W. (2014). Applied multivariate statistical analysis. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Kaiser, F.G., Wölfing, S., and Fuhrer, U.U. (1999). Environmental attitude and ecological behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(1), 1-19. doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1998.0107.
  • Kalafatis, S.P., Pollard, M., East, R., and Tsogas, H.M. (1999). Green marketing and Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior: A cross-market examination. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(5), 441-460. Retrieved from: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/07363769910289550/full/html
  • Kaplan, S. (1991). Beyond rationality: clarity-based decision making. environment, cognition, and action: an integrative multidisciplinary approach. New York: Oxford University.
  • Keller, C., Bostrom A., Kuttschreuter, M., Savadori, L., Spence, A., and White, M. (2012). Bringing appraisal theory to environmental risk perception: a review of conceptual approaches of the past 40 years and suggestions for future research. Journal of Risk Research, 3, 237-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2011.634523.
  • Kocagöz, E., and Dursun, Y. (2010). Algılanan davranışsal kontrol, Ajzen’in teorisinde nasıl konumlanır? Alternatif model analizleri. [How can perceived behavioral control be positioned in the ajzen’s theory: alternative model analyses]. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(19), 139-152. Retrieved from: dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kmusekad/issue/10217/125597.
  • Kocak, E. (2019). Tüketicilerin hane içi enerji tasarrufu davranişina etki eden faktörlerin incelenmesi. [Examination of the factors affecting residential energy conservation behavior of consumers]. (Yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Ankara). Retrieved from:http://www.openaccess.hacettepe.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11655/22422/Ece%20Ko%C3%A7ak-yeni.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y.
  • Kostakis, I., and Sardianou, E. (2012). Which factors affect the willingness of tourists to pay for renewable energy? Renewable Energy, 38(1). doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.07.022.
  • Kumar, V, and Chandra, B. (2018) An application of theory of planned behavior to predict young Indian consumers’ green hotel visit intention. Journal of Clean Production, 172, 1152–1162. doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.047.
  • Lansana, F. (1992). Distinguishing potential recyclers from non-recyclers: a basis for developing recycling strategies. Journal of Environmental Education, 23, 16-23. doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1992.9942792.
  • Laroche, M., Toffoli, R., Kim, C., and Muller T.E. (1996). The influence of culture on pro-environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior: A Canadian perspective. Advances in Consumer Research, 23, 196-202. Retrieved from: https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/7942/.
  • Lee, J., Bray, M., Carter Wells, J., Glaeser B., Ivers, K., and Street, C. (2004). Discovering the meaning of community in an online master’s degree program. Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 27(3), 19-23. Retrieved from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED485112.pdf
  • Leicht, A., Heiss, J., and Byun, W.J. (eds). (2018). Issues and trends in Education for Sustainable Development. Unesco Publishing. Retrieved from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261445/PDF/261445eng.pdf.multi.
  • Lin, C.-Y., and Syrgabayeva, D. (2016). Mechanism of environmental concern on intention to pay more for renewable energy: Application to a developing country. Asia Pacific Management Review, 21(3), 125-134. doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2016.01.001.
  • Liu, W., Wang, C., and Mol, A.P.J. (2013). Rural public acceptance of renewable energy deployment: The case of Shandong in China. Applied Energy, 102, 1187–1196. doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.06.057
  • Lopes, J.R.N., Kalid, R.A., Rodríguez, J.L.M., and Filho Avilla, S. (2019). A new model for assessing industrial worker behavior regarding energy saving considering the theory of planned behavior, norm activation model and human reliability. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 145, 268–278. doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.02.042.
  • Lynch, D., and Martin, P. (2013, June). How energy efficiency programs influence energy use: an application of the theory of planned behavior. Proceedings in ECEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency: Rethink, Renew, Restart (p.2037-2048), Hyeres, France. Retrieved from: https://proceedings.eceee.org/docs/2013/contents.pdf.
  • Macovei, O.I. (2015). Applying the theory of planned behavior in predicting pro-environmental. Acta Universitatis Danubius, 4, 15-32. Retrieved from: https://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/oeconomica/article/view/2958/2705
  • Maloney, M.P., Steger, H.G., and Ward, M.P. (1973). The Quick Test as a measure of general intelligence in an urban community psychiatric hospital. Psychological Reports, 32(3), 823-827. psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2466/pr0.1973.32.3.823
  • Maloney, M.P., Ward, M.P., and Braucht, G.N. (1975). A revised scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 30, 787-790. psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0084394.
  • Marquart-Pyatt  S.T. (2018). Trust and environmental activism across regions and countries. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 8, 249–263. doi.org/10.1007/s13412-018-0498-1.
  • Masrahi, A., Wang, J., and Abudiyah, A.K. (2021). Factors influencing consumers’ behavioral intentions to use renewable energy in the United States residential sector, Energy Reports, 7, 7333–7344. doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.10.077.
  • Masukujjaman, M., Shah, S.A., Chamhuri, S. and Halim, S.A. (2021). Purchase intention of renewable energy technology in rural areas in Bangladesh: Empirical evidence. Renewable Energy, 170, 639-651. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.125
  • McDonald, R.I., and Crandall, C.S. (2015). Social norms and social influence. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 147–151. doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.04.006.
  • Meydan, C.H., and SeSen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayın.
  • Muhammed, İ., Zhen, Y.Z., Heng, L., and Abdul, R. (2020). The influence of consumers’ intention factors on willingness to pay for renewable energy: a structural equation modeling approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 21747–21761. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08592-9.
  • Muhammad, I., Yu, H., Muhammad, I., Haitao, W., Rabia, A., and Abdul, R. (2021). Assessment of the public acceptance and utilization of renewable energy in Pakistan. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 312-324. doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.031.
  • Muhammed, G., and Tekbiyik-Ersoy, N. (2020). Development of renewable energy in China, USA, and Brazil: A comparative study on renewable energy policies. Sustainability, 12(21), 2-29. 9136. doi.org/10.3390/su12219136.
  • Nomura, N., and Akai, M. (2004). Willingness to pay for green electricity in Japan as estimated through contingent valuation method. Applied Energy, 78, 453–463. doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2003.10.001. doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2003.10.001
  • Notani, A.S. (1998). Moderators of perceived behavioral control’s predictiveness in the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analysis. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 7(3), 247-271. doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp0703_02.
  • Osman-Elasha, S., Campbell, B.,J., Cheong S.-M., McCormick, S., Pulwarty, R., Supratid, S., and Ziervogel, G. (2012). Managing the risks from climate extremes at the local level. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. (Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Retrieved from web site of Working Groups of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/SREX-Chap5_FINAL-1.pdf.
  • Ozalp, M. (2018). Küresel enerji denkleminde merkez ülke Türkiye. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Ozkaya, S.S. (2022). Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları. T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. Available from: https://www.mfa.gov.tr/yenilenebilir-enerji-kaynaklari.tr.mfa. (22.10.2022)
  • Pagiaslis, A., and Krontalis, A.K. (2014). Green consumption behavior antecedents: environmental concern knowledge, and beliefs. Psychology & Marketing, 31(5), 335-348. doi.org/10.1002/mar.20698.
  • Palabiyik, H., Yavas, H. and Yalcin, M. (2010). Türkiye’de nükleer santral kurulabilir mi? Çatişmadan uzlaşiya: Türkiye’de nükleer enerji projelerinde sosyal kabul sorunu ve halkın reddetme sendromunun araştırılması. [Can a nuclear power plants be constructed in Turkey? From conflict to agreement: the social acceptence problem of nuclear energy projects in Turkey and analys.] Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 5(2), 175-201. Retrieved from: http://acikerisim.comu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12428/349/hamit_palabiyik_makale.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
  • Pearce, D. (1992). Green economics. Environmental Values, 1, 3-13. doi.org/10.3197/096327192776680179.
  • Pienaar, E.F., Lew, D.K., and Wallmo, K. (2013). Are environmental attitudes influenced by survey context? An investigation of the context dependency of the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale. Social Science Research, 42, 1542-1554. doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.07.001.
  • Raykov, T. (2004). Behavioral scale reliability and measurement invariance evaluation using latent variable modeling. Behavior Therapy, 35(2), 299-331. doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80041-8.
  • Rezaei, R., and Heijden, van der P.G.M. (2022). Understanding Iranian Rural People’s Intention to Use Renewable Energy Technologies: Pro-Self or Pro-Social Orientations? Tarbiat Modares University Press, 24(3). Retrieved from: https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-54204-en.pdf.
  • Rezaei, R., and Mianaji, S. (2019). Using the health belief model to understand farmers' intentions to engage in the on-farm food safety practices in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 21(3), 561-574. Retrieved from: https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.16807073.2019.21.3.10.3.
  • Rohollah, R., and Marjan, G. (2018). Rural households’ renewable energy usage intention in Iran: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. Renewable Energy, 122, 382-391. doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.011.
  • Sangroya, D., and Kumar, J. (2017) Factors in fluencing buying behaviour of green energy consumer. Journal of Cleaner Production, 151, 393-405. doi.org/10.1016/ j.jclepro.2017.03.010
  • Sencan, H., and Fidan, Y.Y. (2020). Normality assumption in the exploratory factor analysis with Likert scale data and testing its effect on factor extraction. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(1), 640-687. doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i1.1395.
  • Shin, Y.H., Im, J., Jung, S.E. and Seve, K. (2017). Consumers' willingness to patronize locally sourced restaurants: the impact of environmental concern, environmental knowledge, and ecological behavior. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 26(6), 644–658. doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2017.1263821.
  • Srivastava,  C., and Mahendar, G. (2018). Intention to adopt sustainable energy: Applying the theory of planned behavior framework. Indian Journal of Marketing, 48(10), 20-33. doi.org/10.17010/ijom%2F2018%2Fv48%2Fi10%2F132325.
  • Stage, F. K., Carter, H. C., and Nora, A. (2010). Path analysis: an introduction and analysis of a decade of research. The Journal of Educational Research, 98(1), 5-12. doi.org/10.3200/JOER.98.1.5-13
  • Stigka, E.K., Paravantis, J.A., and Mihalakakou, G.K. (2014). Social acceptance of renewable energy sources: A review of contingent valuation applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 32, 100-106. doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.026.
  • Straughan, R.D., and Roberts, J.A. (1999). Environmental segmentation alternatives: a look at green consumer behavior in the new millennium. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16 (6), 558-575. doi.org/10.1108/07363769910297506.
  • Sunyoung, Y., and Joosung, L. (2015). Advancing societal readiness toward renewable energy system adoption with a socio-technical perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 95, 170-181. doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.01.016.
  • Tan, C., Ooi., H., and Goh., Y. (2017). A moral extension of the theory of planned behavior to predict consumers’ purchase intention for energy-efficient household appliances in Malaysia. Energy Policy, 107, 459-471. doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.027.
  • Taranto, Y., Köksal M.A., and Dal, E. (2020). The external cost of fossil fuel use in power generation, heating and road transport in Turkey. Retrieved from: https://www.shura.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Externality_rapor_ENG_Web.pdf.
  • Taskın, E., Yilmaz, M., and Kilic, C. (2021). Rüzgâr Enerji Santrallerinin Ekonomik Etkileri ve Sosyal Kabul: Mucur Örneği. [Economic Effects of Wind Energy Systems and Social Acceptance: Mucur Case Z]. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi/ Turkish Journal of Geographical Sciences, 18(2), 296-319, doi: 10.33688/aucbd.784601.
  • Terry, D.J. (1993). Self efficacy expectancies and the theory of reasoned action. D.J. Terry, C. Gallois, and M.McCamish (Eds.), In The theory of reasoned action: Its application to AIDS-preventative behavior (pp. 135-151). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.
  • Thøgersen, J., and Grønhøj, A. (2010). Electricity saving in households-a social cognitive approach. Energy Policy, 38, 7732-7743. doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.08.025.
  • Tuncbilek O.F. ve Yilmaz M. (2022). Jeotermal enerjinin çevresel etkileri ve sosyal kabul: Efeler ilçesi örneği. [Environmental impacts of geothermal energy and social acceptance: example of Aydın provınce Efeler district]. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 154–169. doi.org/10.33537/sobild.2022.13.2.14
  • Ucar, M., and Arslan, O. (2021). Assessment of improvement potential of a condensed combi boiler via advanced exergy analysis. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 23(1), 1-8. doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2021.100853.
  • Ustaahmetoglu, E., and Toklu, I.T. (2015). Organik gıda satın alma niyetinde tutum, sağlık bilinci ve gıda güvenliğinin etkisi üzerine bir araştırma. [A survey on the effect of attitude, health consciousness and food safety on organic food purchase intention]. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(1), 197-211. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/528487.
  • Vries, H., Dijkstra, M., and Kuhlman, P. (1998). Self-efficacy: the third factor besides attitude and subjective norm as a predictor of behavioural intentions. Health Education Research, 3(3), 273–282. doi.org/10.1093/her/3.3.273
  • Wang, Z., Zhao, C., Yin, J., and Zhang, B. (2017) Purchasing intentions of Chinese citizens on new energy vehicles: how should one respond to current preferential policy? Journal of Clean Production, 161, 1000–1010. doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.154
  • Wang, S., Fan, J., Zhao, D., Yang, S., and Fu, Y. (2016). Predicting consumers’ intention to adopt hybrid electric vehicles: using an extended version of the theory of planned behavior model. Transportation, 43,123- 143. doi: 10.1007/s11116-014-9567-9.
  • Wang, Y., Liang, J., Yang, J., Ma, X., Li, X., Wu, J. Yanga, G., Rena, G., and Fenga, Y. (2019). Analysis of the environmental behavior of farmers for non-point source pollution control and management: an ıntegration of the theory of planned behavior and the protection motivation theory. Journal of Environmental Management, 237, 15-23. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.070.
  • World Health Organization. (2015, October 6th). WHO calls for urgent action to protect health from climate change–Sign the call [Department News]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/06-10-2015-who-calls-for-urgent-action-to-protect-health-from-climate-change-sign-the-call.
  • WMO (World Meteorological Organization). (2020). Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2019. WMO Publications No: 1248. Available from: https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10211.
  • Wu, S.I., and Chen, J.Y. (2014). A model of green consumption behavior constructed by the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 6(5), 119-132. dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v6n5p119.
  • Wüstenhagen, R., Wolsink, M., and Bürer, M.J. (2007). Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept. Energy Policy, 35(5), 2683-2691. doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.001.
  • Xingjun, R., Shanyong, W., and Shuai, Y. (2018). “Exploring the effects of normative factors and perceived behavioral control on individual’s energy-saving intention: An empirical study in eastern China”. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 134, 91–99. doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.03.001.
  • Yaqoot, M., Diwan, P., and Kandpal, T.C. (2016). Review of barriers to the dissemination of decentralized renewable energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 477-490. doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.224.
  • Yazdanpanah, M., Komendantova, N., and Ardestani, R.S. (2015). Governance of energy transition in Iran: Investigating public acceptance and willingness to use renewable energy sources through socio-psychological model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 45, 565-573. doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.002.
  • Yilmaz, I., Ilbas, M., and Su, S. (2003, Ekim). Türkiye rüzgar enerjisi potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi. Yeni ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Sempozyumunda sunlan bildiri (s. 401-408), Kayseri, Türkiye.
  • Yoo, S.H., and Kwak, S.Y. (2009). Willingness to pay for green electricity in Korea: A contingent valuation study. Energy Policy, 37, 5408–5416. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.062.
  • Zografakis, N., Sifaki, E., Pagalou. M., Nikitaki. G., Psarakis. V., and Tsagarakis, KP. (2010). Assessment of public acceptance and willingness to pay for renewable energy sources in Crete. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 1088-1095. doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.009.
  • Zsóka, Á., Szerényi, Z. M., Széchy, A., and Kocsis, T. (2013). Greening due to environmental education? Environmental knowledge, attitudes, consumer behavior and everyday pro-environmental activities of Hungarian high school and university students. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48, 126-138. doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.030.