Bitki paraziti nematotlar ile mücadelede biofumigasyon

Organik madde içeriğinin, toprakta ayrışması sırasında gaz haline geçebilen ve nematod, fungus ve yabancı-otlara toksik etkilerde bulunan bileşiklere sahip canlı materyale “biofumigant” ve yapılan bu işleme de “biofumigasyon” denir. Hayvansal ve bitkisel orijinli birçok organik materyal, biofumigantlar olarak bitki paraziti nematodların mücadelesinde metil bromide alternatif, çevreye dost bir mücadele yöntemi olarak son yıllarda dikkat çekmektedir. Bitki paraziti nematodlar ile mücadele biyofumigasyon uygulamaları biyofumigant materyalin çesidine göre baslıca üç grupta incelenebilir; Örtücü Bitkiler ve/veya tuzak bitkiler, tavuk Gübresi basta olacak sekilde organik gübreleme ve biyokatı atık’lar. Bu çalışmada da bitki paraziti nematodlar ile mücadele uygulamaları kapsamındaki biyofumigasyon uygulamaları, nematodlar üzerindeki etkinin olusum şekilleri, dünyadaki yapılmış çalışmalar derlenerek toplu halde verilmiştir.

Biofumigation for control of plant parasitic nematodes

Biofumigation is the action of volatile compounds released during the biodegradation of organic matter as fumigants for the control of plant pathogens and “biofumigant” material has this type of action. Because, Biofumigation is an alternative of methyl bromide and naturally friendlly method to control plant parasitic nematodes, it has been working commonly especially last years. Depending on the source of biofumigant, biofumigation could be divided tree main groups: cover /trap crops, organic amendments including chickhen litter and biosolids. Biofumigation samples to control plant parasitic nematodes in the world and effect types of biofumigaton were reviewed in this study.

PDF

___

Aballay, E., Sepulveda, R., Insunza, V., 2004. Evaluation of five nematode-antagonistic plants used as gren manure to control Xiphinema index Thorne et Allen on Vitis vinifera L. Nematropica, 34:45-51.
Abawi, G. S., Widmer, T. L., 2000. Impact of soil health management practices on soilborne pathogens, nematodes and root diseases of vegetable crops.Applied Soil Ecology, 15:37-47.
Ağdacı, M., 1978. Güney Anadolu Bölgesi’nde yetiştirilen kabakgillerde (Cucurbitaceous) zarar yapan Kök-ur Nematodu türleri (Meloidogyne spp.)’nin tespiti ile zarar oranları ve yayılışları üzerine araştırmalar. Adana Bölge Zir. Müc. Araş. Ens. Md. Teknik Bülten, No: 47.
Angus, J. F., Gardner P. A., Kirkegaard, J. A., Desmarchelier, J. M., 1994. Biofumigation: isothiocyanates released from brassica roots ihibit growth of the take-all fungus. Plant Soil, 162:107-112.
Anonim 2009a. http://ec.europa.eu /environment/ozone/ conference /lisboa/ tomato /9.pdf).
Anonim 2009b. http://www. aces.edu/ pubs/ docs/ A/ANR - 0856/ANR-0856.pdf
Anonim 2009c. http://ces.uwyo.edu/PUBS/b1029.pdf;
Anonim 2009d. http://www.botany.uga.edu/ PPG/ Plant% 20 Summary%20Pages/crotalaria_spp.htm,08.05.2008
Anonim 2009e. http:/ /www.bahce. biz/ organik/ toprak iyilestirme. htm, 15.05.2008 ).
Anonim 2009f. N-Viro, 2009, http://www.n-viro .ca/
Auger, J., Arnault, I., Du Fretay, G., Fleurance, C., 2008. Alterbromide - A European programme for the dissemination of alternatives to methyl bromide. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 41 p.
Bakker, J. 1993. Current state of nematisides. In Modern Crop Protection: Development and Perspectives. Ed. J.C. Zadoks. 21-26. Wageningen. Agric. Univ.
Belair, G., Coulombe, J., 2008. Gren manure and biofumigation for root lesion nematode and verticillium wilt management in strawberry production. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 25 p.
Bello, A., Arias, M., Lopez-Perez, J. A., Garcia-Alvarez, A., Fresno, J., Escuer, M., Arcos, S. C., Lacasa, A., Sanz, R., Gomez, P., Diez-Rojo, M. A., Piedra Buena, A., Goitia, C., De la Horra, J. L., Martinez, C., 2004. Biofumigation fallow and nematode management in vineyard replant. Nematropica, 34:53-64.
Bello, A., Porter, I., Diez-Rojo, M. A., Rodriguez-Kabanas, R., 2008. Soil biodisinfection for the management of soil-borne pathogens and weeds. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 35 p.
Bongers, T., Ferris, H., 1999. Nematode community structure as a bioindicator in environmental monitoring. Trends in Eceology and Evolution. 14: 224-228.
Brabban, A. D., Edwards, C., 1995. The effects of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products on microbial growth. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 79:171-177.
Bridge, J., Page, S., Jordan, S., 1982. An improved method for staining nematodes in roots. Report Rothamsted Experiment Station for 1981, pp. 171.
Brown, P., Morra, M., 1995. Glucosinolate containing plant tissues as bioherbicides. J. Agric. Food Chem., 43:3070-3074.
Brown, P. D., Morra, M. J., 1997. Control of soil borne plant pests using glucosinolate-containig plants. Advan. Argon., 61; 167-213.
Chitwood, D. J. 2002. Phytochemical based strategies for nematode control. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 40; 221- 249.
Chitwood D. J. 2003. Research on plant-parasitic nematode biology conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. Pest Manag Sci 59:748 – 753.
Colombo, A., Cataldi, S., Marano, G., 2008. Effectivenes of biofumigation technique to control the southern rootknot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in Sicily. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 52 p.
Cox, C. J., McCarty, L. B., Toler, j. E., Leewis, S. A., Martin, S. B., 2006. Suppressing sting nematodes with Brassica sp., poinsettia, and spotted spurge extracts. Agronomy Journal, 98:962-967.
Curto, G., Dallavalle, E., Lazzerı, L., 2005. Life cycle duration of Meloidogyne incognita and host status of Brassicaceae and Capparasceae selected for glucosinate content. Nematology, 7(2):203-212.
Curto, G., Lazeri, L., Dallavalle, E., Santi, R., 2008. Management of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitw. in organic horticulture. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 45 p.
Daub, M., Schlathölter, M., Schütze, W., Grosch, R., Hallmann, J., 2008. Development of biofumigation as a non-chemical control method against plant parasitic nematodes and soil-borne diseases in temperate climates. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 24 p.
Daub, M., Schlathölter, M., Schütze, W., Grosch, R., Hallmann, J., 2008. Effect of biofumigation on different plant parasitic nematodes. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 46 p.
De Mastro, G., D’Addabbo T., Lazzeri, L., Verdini, L., Brunetti, G., 2008a. Biofumigation for the control of root-knot nematodes on flower crops. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 47 p.
De Mastro, G., D’Addabbo T., Lazzeri, L., Verdini, L., Grassano, N., 2008b. Effecttiveness of biofumigating Brassica treatments for the control of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on melon and watermelon. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 48 p.
De Mastro, G., D’Addabbo T., Verdini, L., Radicci, V., 2008c. Biofumigation in greenhouse for the control of root-knot nematodes. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 49 p.
Edwards, S., 2005. Solarization and Biofumigation. http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~atploeg/Ploegweblinks/S olarization.html
Elekçioğlu, İ. H., Ohnesorge, B., Lung, G., Uygun, N., 1994. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in The Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Nematol. Medit., 22: 59-63.
Elekçioğlu, Đ. H., Uygun, N., 1994. Occurrence and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in cash crop in Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Proc. of Phytopathological Union, Kuşadası, Aydın, Türkiye, 409-410 s.
Fahey, J. W., Zalcmann, A. T., Talalay, P., 2001. The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Phytochemistry, 56:5-51.
Fan, C. M., Xiong, G. R., Oi, P., Ji, G. H., He, Y. Q., 2008. Potential biofumigation effects of Brassica oleracea var. caulorapa on growth of fungi. Phytopathology, 156:321-325.
Fenwick, G.R., Heany, R.K. and Mullin, W.J., 1994. Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants. CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 18;123-201.
Forge, T. A., Ingham, R. E., Kaufman, D., Pinkerton, J. N., 2000. Population growth of Pratylenchus penetrans on winter cover crops grown in the pacific northwest. Journal of Nematology, 32(1):42-51.
Gamliel, A., Austerweil, M., Kritzman, G., 2000. Nonchemical approach to soilborne pest management – organic amendments. Crop Protection, 19:847-853.
Gaugler, R., Bilgrami, A. L., 2004. Nematode Behaviour. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA. 3-7. Gies, D., 2004. Commercial use of mustards for gren manure and biofumigation in the United States. Agroindustria, 3:403-405.
Gies, D., 2008. Commercial development and utilisation of Brassica gren manures. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 28 p.
Gimsing, A. L., Kirkegaard, J. A., Strobel, B. W., Hansen, H. C. B., 2008. Fate of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products in soil. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 13 p.
Gomes, C. B., Lima, D. L., Silva, S. D. A., 2008. Influence of soil biofumigation in the control of Meloidgyne javanica, Mesocriconema xenoplax free living nematodes in different soil layers using castor cake and cabbage. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 44 p.
Gugino, B. K., Abawi, G. S., Ludwig, J. W., 2006. Damage and Management of Meloidogyne hapla Using Oxamyl on Carrot in New York. J. Nematol., 38(4): 483-490.
Hafez, S. L., Sundararaj, P., 2001. Impact of agronomic and cultural practices of green manure crops for the management of Heterodera schachtii in sugarbeet. International Journal of .ematology 10, 177-182.
Hagan, A., Gazaway, W., Sikora, E., 1998. Nematode Suppressive Crops. http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ ANR -0856/ANR-0856.pdf.
Haque, S. M. A., Mosaddeque, H. Q. M., Sultana, K., Islam, M. N., Rahman, M. L., 2008. Effect of different trap crops against root konot nematode disease of jute. j. innov. dev. strategy, 2(3): 42-47.
Halbrendit, J. M., 1996. Allelopathy in the management of plant-parasitic nematodes. Journal of Nematology, 28:8-14.
Held, L. J., Jennings, J. W., Koch, D. W., Gray, F. A., 2000. Trap Crop Radish: A sustainable alternative for nematicide in sugar beets. Journal of the ASFMRA, 118-126.
İbrahim I. K. A, Handoo Z. A, El-Sherbiny A. A. 2000. A survey of phytoparasitic nematodes on cultivated and non-cultivated plants in northwestern Egypt. J Nematol 32:478 – 485.
İbrahim, Y. K. A. 1985. The status of root-knot nematodes in the Middle East, region VII of the international Meloidogyne project. Pp. 373–378 in K. R. Barker, C. C. Carter, and J. N. Sasser, eds. An advanced treatise on Meloidogyne, vol. 2: Methodology. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Graphics.
Jones, J. R., Lawrence, K. S., Lawrence, G. W., 2006. Evaluation of winter cover crops in cotton cropping for management of Rotylenchulus reniformis. Nematropica, 36:53-66.
Kaşkavalcı G. ,Öncüer C.1999. Aydın İli’nin yazlık sebze yetiştirilen önemli bölgelerinde bulunan Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887 ( Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) türlerinin yayılışları ve ekonomik önemleri üzerinde araştırmalar ,Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi ,23 ,2 ,149-160.
Katı, T. and S. Mennan, 2006. Researches on the Species and Race Determination of Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) Found in Greenhouses of Samsun, Turkey.” XXVIII Symposioum of the European Society of .ematologists, (Abs.), Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria.
Khan, A. A., Khan, M. W., 1991. Reaction of cauliflower cultivars to Meloidogyne javanica and races of Meloidogyne incognita. Nematropica, 21:161-166.
Kinloch, R. A. 1990. Screening for resistance to root knot nematodes. In Methods for Evaluating Plant Species for Resistance T Plant Parasitic Nemastodes. Ed. By J.L. Star. Pub. By SON Maryland.
Kirkegaard, J., Akiew, S., Pattison, T., Young, A., Prior, L., 2008. Understanding the mechanisms of plant pest suppression using Brassica green manures. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 21 p.
Kirkegaard, J., Gardner, P. Angus, J. And Koetz, E., 1994. Effect of Brassica break crops on the growth and yield of wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 45; 529-545.
Kirkegaard, J. A., Gardner, P. A., Desmarchelier, J. M., Angus, J. F., 1993. Biofumigation-using Brassica species to control pests and disases in horticulture and agriculture. In: Proceedings 9th Australian Research Assembly on Brassicas. Pp. 77-82. N. Wratten and R. J. Mailer, Eds., Agricultural Research Institute, Wagga Wagga.
Kirkegaard, J. A., Matthiessen, J. N., 1999. Biofumigation research-beyond empiricism. In: Proceedings Ist Australasian Soilborne Disease Symposium. pp. 155- 157. Magarey, R. C. Ed., Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, Brisbane.
Kirkegaard, J. A., Matthiessen, J. N., 2004. Developing and refining the biofumigation concept. Agroindustria, 3:233-239.
Kirkegaard, J. A., Sarwar, M., 1998. Biofumigation potential of brassicas. Plant an Soil, 201:71-89. Kirkegaard, J., Sarwar, M., Wong, P. T. W., Mead A., Howe, G., Newell, M., 2000. Field studies on the biofumigation of take-all by Brassica break crops. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 51:445-456.
Kirkegaard, J. A., Wong, P. T. W., Desmarchelier, J. M., 1996. In vitro suppression of fungal root pathogens of cereals by Brassica tissues. Plant Pathol., 45; 593-603.
Kloepper, J. W., Rodriguez-Kabana, R., Mclnroy, J. A., Collins D. J., 1991. Analysis of populations and physiological characterization of microorganisms in rhizospheres of plants with antagonistic properties to phytopathogenic nematodes. Plants and Soil, 136:95- 102.
Koch, D. W., Gray, F. A., Krall, J. M., 1999. Trap Crops: A promising alternative for sugar beet nematode control. University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin, B-1029.
Lamberti, F. 1981. Plant nematode problems in the Mediterranean region. Helminthologial Abstracts. Series B. 50:145–166.
LaMondia, J., Halbrendt, J., 2008. The effects of Brassica seed meal amendments on Meloidogyne hapla viability in laboratory bioassays. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 19 p.
Lauzier, A. M., 2002.Mustard: Cover crops for the Columbia Basin. Fact Sheet, Washington State University Cooperative Extension. Available online at http://grant-adams.wsu.edu
Lazzeri, L., Curto, G., Leoni, O., Dallavalle, E., 2004. Effects of glucosinolates and their enzymatic hydrolysis products via myrosinase on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitw. Journal of Agricultural and food chemistry, 52:6703-6707.
Lazzeri, L., Leoni, O., Bernardi, R., Malaguti, L., Cinti, S., 2004. Plants techniques and products for potimising biofumigation in the full field. Agroindustria, 3:281- 287.
Lord, J., Atkinson, H., Urwin, P., 2008. Biofumigation for control of Globodera pallida in UK potato fields. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 51 p.
Manduric, S., 2008. Cover crops in the year before planting potatoes – a key factor in a spraing disease management strategy. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 56 p.
Marchetti, R., Lazeri, L., Malaguti, L., Orsi, A., Sghedoni, L., 2008. Potentially mineralizable nitrogen in soil amended with biocidal and non-biocidal plant materials. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 74 p.
Matthiessen, J. N., Kirkegaard, J. A., 2006. Biofumigation and enhanced biodegradation: opportunity and challenge in soilborne pest and disease management. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 25:235-265.
Mayton, H. S., Oliver, C., Vaughn, S. F., Loria, R., 1996. Correlation of fungicial activity of Brassica species with allyl isothiocyanate production in macerated leaf tissue. Phytopathology, 86:267-271.
Mazzola, M., Granatstein, D. M., Elfving, D. C., Mullinix, K., 2001. The suppression of specific apple root pathogens by Brassica napus seed meal amendment regardless of glucosinolate content. Phytopathology, 91:673-679.
Melakeberhan, H. M., 1997. Plant, nematode and nutrient relation: An overview. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 27: 41-51.
Melakberhan, H., Kravchenko, A., Ngouajio, M., 2008a. Strategies for ebhancing Brassicas’ multipurpose attributes in managing nematode parasitism complexities. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 37 p.
Melakeberhan, H., Mennan, S., Chen, S., Darby, B., Dudek, T., 2007. Integrated approaches to anderstanding and managing Meloidogyne hapla populations parasitic variability. Crop Protection, 26: 894-902.
Melakberhan, H., Mennan, S., Ngouajio, M., Dudek, T., 2008b. Effect of Meloidogyne hapla on multi-purpose use of oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus). Nematology, 10(3):375-379.
Melakeberhan, H., Xu, A., Kravchenko, A., Mennan, S., Riga, E, 2006. Potential use of arugula (Eruca sativa L.) as a trap crop for Meloidogyne hapla. Nematology, 8(5):793-799.
Mennan, S., Ecevit, O., 1996. Bafra ve Çarşamba Ovaları yazlık sebze ekim alanlarındaki Kök ur nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’ nın biyolojisi, yayılışı ve bulaşık oranları üzerine araştırmalar. Türkiye III. Entomoloji Kongresi Bildirileri, 700–705.
Mennan, S., Ecevit, O., 2001. Bafra ve Çarşamba Ovaları’ndan elde edilen bazı Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) (Nemata: Heteroderidae) populasyonlarında ırk tespiti. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 25 (1): 33–39.
McCully, M. E., Miller, C., Sprague, S. S., Kirkegaard, J. A., 2008. The distrubition of glucosinolates nad sulphur-rich cells in roots of field-grown Canola (Brassica napus). Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 14 p.
Mcleod, R. W., Kirkegaard, J. A., Steel, C. C., 2001. Invasion, development, growth and eff laying by Meloidogyne javanica in Brassicaceae crops. Nematology, 3(5):463-472.
Mcleod, R. W., Steel, C. C., 1999. Effects of brassica-leaf gren manures and crops on activity and reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica. Nematology, 1:613-624.
Mcsorley, R., 1998. Alternative practices for managing plant-parasitic nematodes. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 13, 98-104.
Mcsorley, R., 1999. Host Suitability of Potential cover crops for root-knot nematodes. Supplement to the Journal of Nematology, 31(4S):619-623.
McSorley, R., Dickson, D. W., De Brito, J. A., Hochmuth, R. C., 1994. Tropical rotation crops influence nematode densities and vegetable yields. Journal of Nematology, 26:308-314.
McSorley, R., Frederick, J. J., 1995. Responses of some common Cruciferae to root-knot nematodes. Journal of Nematology, 27(4S):550-554.
Mcsorley, R., Ozores-Hampton, M., Stansly, P.A., Conner, J.M., 1999. Nematode management, soil fertility, and yield in organic vegetable production. .ematropica 29,205-213.
Mitsuhori, T., Sano, Z., Sakuma, F., Hashizume, K., 2008. Nematode suppressive effect of two biofumigation crops (Brassica juncea and Cleome hussleriana) evaluated by Laboratory and Greenhouse Experiments. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 53 p.
Mojtahedi, H., Santo, G. S. Hang, A. N., Wilson J. H., 1991. Suppression of root knot nematode populations with selected rape see cultivars as gren manure. J. Nematol., 23; 170-174.
Morra, M., 2004. Controlling soilborne plant pests using glucosinolate-containing tissues. Agroindustria, 3:251- 255.
Morra, M. J., Kirkegaard, J. A., 2002. Isothiocyanate release from soil-incorporated Brassica tissues. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 34:1683-1690.
Netscher, C., Sıkora, R. A., 1990. Nematode parasites on vegetables. In: Luc, M., Sikora, R.A., Bridge, J. (eds). Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Suptropical and Tropical Agriculture. CAB Internatioanal, s 231-283.
Ngouajıo, M., Mutch, D. R., 2004. Oilseed radish: A new cover crop for Michigan. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E 2907. Available online at http://www.msue.msu.edu
Norton, D. C., 1978. Ecology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Nyczepir, A.P., Rodriguez-Kabana, R., 2002. Biofumigation and management of ring nematode on peach. Proceedingsof International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives 8, 89.
Palmieri, S., 2004. Chemistry and technology oof glucosinolate: isolation, formulation and use. Agroindustria, 3:245-249.
Patalano, G., 2004. New practical perspectives for vegetable biocidal molecules in Italian agriculture: Bluformula brand for commercialisation of biocidal green manure and meal formulations. Agroindustria, 3:409-412.
Patalano, G., Lazeri, L., D’Avino, L., Mazzoncini, M., 2008. Innovative approach for producing high value products in non food agro-industrial chains. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 27 p.
Pedroche, N. B., Villanueva, L. M., De Waele, D., 2008. Organic amendments and host reistance as components of integrated disease management strategy for root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in lettuce. . Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 54 p.
Pehlivan, E., Kaskavalcı, G., 1993. Sanayi domates üretim alanlarında Kök-ur nematodlarının (Meloidogyne spp) yayılışı ve bulaşıklık oranı üzerinde araştırmalar. SANDOM Çalışma Raporu, No: 6: 61–68.
Piedrabuena, A., Garcia-Alvarez, A., Diez-Rojo, M., Bello A., 2006. Use of crop residues for the control of Meloidogyne incognita under laboratory conditions. Pest Management. Science. 62:919-926.
Ploeg, A., 2008. Biofumigation to manage plant-parasitic nematodes. Integrated Management and Biocontrol of Vegetable and Grain Crops Nematodes, 239-248.
Porter, I., Mattner, S., Lazarovits, G., 2008. Soil Biofumigation - a strategy for the new world or a complexity too hard to get right? Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 12 p.
Potter, M. J., Davies, K., Rathjen, A. J., 1998. Suppressive impact of glucosinolates in Brassica vegetative tissues on root lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglectus. Journal Chemical Ecology, 24(1):67-80.
Rask, L., Andreasson, E., Ekbom, B., Eriksson, S., Pontoppidan, B., Meijer, J., 2000. Myrosinase: gene family evolution and herbivore defense in Brassicaceae. Plant Mol. Biol. 42: 93-113.
Rıga, E., Collıns, H., 2005. The effect of green manures on Meloidogyne chitwoodi and Paratrichodorus allius, economically important nematodes of potatoes in the Pacific Northwest of USA. Agroindustria Rivista Quadrimestral 3,321-322.
Roubtsova, T., Lopez-Perez, J-A. Edwards, S., Ploeg, A., 2007. Effect of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) tissue, incorporated at different depths in a soil column, on Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Nematology, 39(2):111-117.
Sarıkamış, G., Baklaya, A., Yanmaz, R., 2008. Glucosinolates in kale genotypes from the blacksea region of Turkey. Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. EQ., 942- 946.
Siddiqi, M. R., 2000. Tylenchida, Parasites of Plants and Insects. St. Albans, England, 2.
Sipes, B. S., Arakaki, A. S., 1997. Root-knot nematode management in dryland taro with tropical cover crops. Supplement to the Journal of Nematology, 29(4S):721-724.
Söğüt, M. A., Elekçioğlu, İ. H., 2000. Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde sebze alanlarında bulunan Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1892 (Nemata:Heteroderidae) türlerinin ırklarının belirlenmesi. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 24 (1) : 33- 40.
Spak, J., Kolarova, J., Lewis, J., Fenwick, G. R., 1993. The effect of glucosinolates (mustard oil glycosides) and products of their enzymatic degradation on the infectivity of turnip mosaic virus. Biol. Plant. 35:73- 80.
Stear, M. J., 2008. Non-chemical control methods for sheep with mixed, predominantly Teladorsagia circumcincta, nematode infections. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 3(24):12.
Thierfelder, A., Friedt, W., 1995. Development of novel rapeseed varieties (Brassica napus) resistant against beet cyst nematodes (Heterodera schachtii), pp. 1208- 1210, in D. Murphy (ed.). Proceedings of the Ninth International Rapeseed Congress. Rapeseed Today and Tomorrow, Vol. 4, K2. Organising Committee of the Ninth International Rapeseed Congress, Cambridge, UK.
Thomas, W. B., 1996. Methybromide: effective pest management tool and environmental threat. Suppl. J. Nematol. 28: 586-590.
Thorup-Kristensen, K., Magid, J., Jensen, L. S., 2003. Catch crops and gren manures as biological tools in nitrogen management in temperate zones. Adv. Agron. 51:227- 302.
Trudgill, D. L., 1987. Effects of rates of a nematicide and fertilizer on the growth and yield of cultivars of potato which differ in their tolerance of damage by poptato cyst nematodes(Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida). Plant and Soil. 104:235-243.
Tsao, R., Peterson, C. J., Coats, J. R., 2002. Glucosinolate breakdown products as insect fumigants and their effect on carbon dioxide emission of insects. BMC Ecology 2002, 2. Available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6785/2/5
Van Den Boogert, P. H. J. F., Velvis, H., Ettema, C. H., Bouwman, L. A., 1994. The role of organic matter in the population dynamics of the endoparasitic nematophagus fungus Drechmeria coniospora in microcosms. Nematologica, 40:249-257.
Venette, R. C., Monstafa, F. A. M., Ferris, H., 1997. Trophic interactions between bacterial-feeding nematodes in plant rhizospheres and the nematophagus fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis to suppress Heterodera schachtii. Plant and Soil 191:213-223.
Wallace, H. R., 1978. The diagnosis of plant diseases of complex etiology. Annual Rewiev of Phytopathology, 16: 379-402.
Wang, K.-H., Mcsorley, R., Gallaher, R. N., 2003. Effect of Crotalaria juncea amendment on nematode communities in soil with different agricultural histories. Journal of Nematology, 35(3):294-301.
Wang, K.-H., Mcsorley, R., Gallaher, R. N., 2004. Effect of winter cover crops on nematode population levels in North Florida. Journal of Nematology, 36(4):517-523.
Wang, K.-H., Sipes, B. S., Schmitt, D. P., 2002. Crotalaria as a cover crop for nematode management: A review. Nematropica, 32:35-57.
Wang, K.-H., Sipes, B. S., Schmitt, D. P., 2003. Intercropping cover crops with pineapple fort he management of Rotylenchulus reniformis. Journal of Nematology, 35(1):39-47.
Ware, G.W., 2000. Pesticide Book. Thomson Pub., Fresno, CA, 418s.
Whitehead, A. G., 1997. Plant parasitic nematodes: their importance and control. In Plant Nematode Control, 1- 12 sf. Wallingfoord, U.K. CAB Int.
Zasada, I. A., Ferris, H., 2004. Nematode suppression with brassicaceous amendments: application based upon glucosinolate profiles. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 36:1017-1024.
Zasada, I., Masler, E., Halbrendt, J., 2008. Behavioral response of Meloidogyne incognita to benzyl isothiocyanate. Third Internetional Biofumigation Symposium, 21-25 July, CSIRO Discovery Centre Canberra, Australia, 58 p.