Selma TURAL HESAPÇIOĞLU, Habibe YEŞİLOVA

Internet addiction prevalence in youths and its relation with depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and bullying

Objective: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of internet addiction (IA), the predictors of IA, and its relation with depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and peer bullying. Methods: The sample of this study were selected from high school students in the city center of Mus, Turkey, by using a multistage sampling method. Students completed the Internet Addiction Scale, Peer Bullying Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Data obtained from 1150 students were analyzed. Results: The prevalence of internet addiction was 11.7%. IA scores correlated negatively with self-esteem scores and positively with depression scores. Students involved in the bullying cycle had a statistically significantly higher mean internet addiction score than those who were not involved in the cycle. Results of binary logistic regression analysis show that students who are both bully and victim are more likely to be addicted to the internet (odds ratio=1.68) than students who are not in the bullying cycle. Every unit increase in the depression score is associated with a 3.8% increase in the odds of being addicted to the internet. For every unit increase in the self-esteem score, the odds of internet addiction decreases by 1.7%. Conclusion: Results show that involvement in bullying, depression, and low self-esteem are predictors of internet addiction. Depression and low self-esteem should be the concurrent predictors for both bullying and internet addiction. Clinical interventions for internet addiction or bullying should include depression and low self-esteem. (Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2020; 21(5):483-490)

Gençler arasında internet bağımlılığının yaygınlığı ve depresif belirtiler, benlik saygısı ve akran zorbalığı ile ilişkisi

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, internet bağımlılığının yaygınlığı ve belirleyicilerinin incelenmesi, depresif belirtiler, benlik saygısı ve akran zorbalığı ile ilişkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Yöntem: Bu çalışmanın örneklemi, Muş şehir merkezinde bulunan lise öğrencilerinden çok aşamalı bir örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak seçilmiştir. İnternet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği, Akran Zorbalığı Anketi, Beck Depresyon Ölçeği ve Coopersmith Benlik Saygısı Envanterini dolduran 1150 öğrenciden elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar: İnternet bağımlılığının yaygınlığı %11.7 idi. İnternet bağımlılığı puanları benlik saygısı puanları ile negatif, depresyon puanları ile pozitif yönde ilişkilidir. Zorbalık döngüsüne katılan öğrenciler, döngü içinde bulunmayanlara göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek bir ortalama internet bağımlılığı puanına sahipti. Binary lojistik regresyon analizinin sonuçları hem zorba, hem de mağdur olan öğrencilerin zorbalık döngüsünde olmayan öğrencilere göre internete bağımlı olma olasılıklarının daha yüksek (Odds ratio=1.68) olduğunu göstermektedir. Depresyon puanındaki her birim artış, internet bağımlılığı olma olasılığında %3.8'lik bir artışla ilişkilidir. Benlik saygısı puanındaki her birim artışta internet bağımlılığı olasılığı %1.7 oranında azalmaktadır. Tartışma: Sonuçlar, zorbalık döngüsüne girmenin, depresif belirtilerin ve düşük özgüvenin, internet bağımlılığının belirleyicileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Depresyon ve düşük özgüven, hem internet bağımlılığının, hem de zorbalığa karışmanın risk etkenleridir. İnternet bağımlılığı ve zorbalığa yönelik klinik müdahaleler, depresyon ve düşük özgüven içermelidir. (Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2020; 21(5):483-490)

PDF

___

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Ed., Arlington: VA: American Psychiatric Pub., 2013. 2. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen SH, Yang MJ, Lin HC, Yen CF. Proposed diagnostic criteria and the screening and diagnosing tool of Internet addiction in college students. Compr Psychiatry 2009; 50:378- 384. 3. Ko CH, Yen JY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Chen CC. The association between internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: a review of the literature. Eur Psychiatry 2012; 27:1-8.

4. Czincz J, Hechanova R. Internet addiction: Debating the diagnosis. Journal of Technology in Human Services 2009; 27:257-272.

5. Beard KW. Internet addiction: a review of current assessment techniques and potential assessment questions. Cyber Psychology & Behavior 2005; 8:7-14.

6. Young KS, Nabuco de Abreu C, (Eds.). Internet Addiction: A Handbook and Guide to Evaluation and Treatment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010, pp.3-18.

7. Young KS. Internet addiction: symptoms, evaluation, and treatment. L Van de Creek, T Jackson (Eds.), Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book, Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press, 1999, pp.19-31.

8. Cheng C, Li AY. Internet addiction prevalence and quality of (real) life: a meta-analysis of 31 nations across seven world regions. Cyber-psychol Behav Soc Netw 2014; 17:755-760.

9. Yang SC, Tung CJ. Comparison of internet addicts and non-addicts in Taiwanese high school. Comput Human Behav 2007; 23:79-96.

10. Weinstein A, Lejoyeux M. Internet addiction or excessive internet use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2010; 36:277-283.

11. Johansson A, Götestam KG. Problems with computer games without monetary reward: similarity to pathological gambling. Psychol Rep 2004; 95: 641-650.

12. Cash H, Rae CD, Steel AH, Winkler A. Internet addiction: A brief summary of research and practice. Curr Psychiatry Rev 2012; 8:292-298.

13. Morrison CM, Gore H. The relationship between excessive Internet use and depression: A questionnaire-based study of 1,319 young people and adults. Psychopathology 2010; 43:121-126.

14. Kratzer S, Hegerl U. Is "Internet addiction" a disorder of its own? A study on subjects with excessive internet use. Psychiatrische Praxis 2008; 35: 80-83.

15. Tsitsika A, Critselis E, Louizou A, Janikian M, Freskou A, Marangou E, et al. Determinants of Internet addiction among adolescents: A casecontrol study. Scientific World Journal 2011; 11: 866-874.

16. Morrison CM, Gore H. The relationship between excessive internet use and depression: A questionnaire-based study of 1,319 young people and adults. Psychopathology 2010; 43:121-126

17. Carli V, Durkee T, Wasserman D, Hadlaczky G, Despalins R, Kramarz E, et al. The association between pathological internet use and comorbid psychopathology: A systematic review. Psychopathology 2013; 46:1-13.

18. Cao F, Su L, Liu T, Gao X. The relationship between impulsivity and Internet addiction in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Eur Psychiatry 2007; 22:466-471.

19. Whang LS, Lee S, Chang G. Internet over-users' psychological profiles: a behavior sampling analysis on internet addiction. Cyberpsychol Behav 2003; 6:143-150. 20. Lam LT, Peng Z, Mai J, Jing J. The association between internet addiction and self-injurious behaviour among adolescents. Inj Prev 2009; 15: 403-408.

21. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen CS, Chen CC, Yen CF. Psychiatric comorbidity of internet addiction in college students: an interview study. CNS Spectr 2008; 13:147-153.

22. Dong G, Lu Q, Zhou H, Zhao X. Precursor or sequela: pathological disorders in people with Internet addiction disorder. PLoS One 2011; 16:6.

23. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen CS, Yeh YC, Yen CF. Predictive values of psychiatric symptoms for internet addiction in adolescents: a 2-year prospective study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009; 163:937-943.

24. Tural Hesapçıoğlu S, Yeşilova Meraler H, Ercan F. Bullying in schools and its relation with depressive symptoms, self esteem, and suicidal ideation in adolescents. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2018; 19:210-216.

25. Fioravanti G, Dèttore D, Casale S. Adolescent internet addiction: Testing the association between self-esteem, the perception of Internet attributes, and preference for online social interactions. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2012; 15:318-323.

26. Tichon JG, Shapiro M. The process of sharing social support in cyberspace. Cyberpsychol Behav 2003; 6:161-170.

27. Leung L. Net-generation attributes and seductive properties of the Internet as predictors of online activities and Internet addiction. Cyberpsychol Behav 2004; 7:333-348.

28. Shek DT, Keung Ma H, Sun RC. A brief overview of adolescent developmental problems in Hong Kong. Scientific World Journal 2011; 11:2243- 2256.

29. Klomek AB, Sourander A, Kumpulainen K, Piha J, Tamminen T, Moilanen I, et al. Childhood bul-lying as a risk for later depression and suicidal ideation among Finnish males. J Affect Disord 2008; 109: 47-55.

30. Gladstone GL, Parker GB, Malhi GS. Do bullied children become anxious and depressed adults? A cross-sectional investigation of the correlates of bullying and anxious depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 2006; 194:201-208.

31. Lim JA, Gwak AR, Park SM, Kwon JG, Lee JY, Jung HY, et al. Are adolescents with internet addiction prone to aggressive behavior? The mediating effect of clinical comorbidities on the predictability of aggression in adolescents with internet addiction. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2014; 18:260-267.

32. Jung YE, Leventhal B, Kim YS, Park TW, Lee SH, Lee M, et al. Cyberbullying, problematic internet use, and psychopathologic symptoms among Korean youth. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55:826-830.

33. Tural Hesapcioglu S, Ercan F. Traditional and cyberbullying co-occurrence and its relationship to psychiatric symptoms. Pediatr Int 2017; 59:16-22.

34. Nichols LA, Nicki R. Development of psychometrically sound internet addiction scale: a preliminary step. Psychol Addict Behav 2004; 18:381-384.

35. Canan F, Ataoglu A, Nichols LA, Yildirim T, Ozturk O. Evaluation of psychometric properties of the internet addiction scale in a sample of Turkish high school students. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2010; 13:317-320.

36. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961; 4(6):561-571.

37. Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanteri’nin geçerliği üzerine bir çalışma. Psikoloji Derg 1988; 6:118- 122.

38. Coopersmith S. SEI, Self-Esteem Inventories. California: Consulting Psychologist Press, 1981.

39. Turan N, Tufan B. Coopersmith Benlik Saygısı Envanteri’nin (SEI) geçerlik-güvenirlik çalışması.

23. Ulusal Psikiyatri ve Nöroloji Kongresi, İstanbul, 1987.

40. Piskin M. School bullying: definition, types, related factors, and strategies to prevent bullying problems. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 2002; 2:555-562.

41. Pişkin M. Examination of peer bullying among primary and middle school children in Ankara. Education and Science 2010; 35:175-189.

42. Pişkin M, Ayas T. Peer Bullying Scale: Child Form. Akademik Bakış Dergisi 2011; 23:1-12.

43. Tang J, Yu Y, Du Y, Ma Y, Zhang D, Wang J. Prevalence of internet addiction and its association with stressful life events and psychological symptoms among adolescent internet users. Addict Behav 2014; 39:744-747.

44. Wu AM, Li J, Lau JT, Mo PK, Lau MM. Potential impact of internet addiction and protective psychosocial factors onto depression among Hong Kong Chinese adolescents - direct, mediation and moderation effects. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 70:41-52.

45. Younes F, Halawi G, Jabbour HEl, El Osta N, Karam L, Hajj A, et al. Internet addiction and relationships with insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress and self-esteem in university students: A cross-sectional designed study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161126.

46. Sasmaz T, Oner S, Kurt AÖ, Yapici G, Yazici AE, Bugdayci R, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of Internet addiction in high school students. Eur J Public Health 2014; 24(1):15-20.

47. Seyrek S, Cop E, Sinir H, Ugurlu M, Şenel S. Factors associated with Internet addiction: Crosssectional study of Turkish adolescents. Pediatr Int 2017; 59:218-222.

48. Heo J, Oh J, Subramanian SV, Kim Y, Kawachi I. Addictive Internet use among Korean adolescents: A national survey. PLoS One 2014; 9: e87819.

49. Kim K. Association between Internet overuse and aggression in Korean adolescents. Pediatr Int 2013; 55:703-709.

50. Yen JY, Ko CH, Yen CF, Chen SH, Chung WL, Chen CC. Psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with Internet addiction: comparison with substance use. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences 2008; 62:9-16.