Silahsızlanma-Terhis-Yeniden Entegrasyon (STyE) Süreçlerinin Yerelde Sorgulanması: Kolombiya’da Eski FARC Üyelerinin STyE’ye Bakışı

Uluslararası kuruluşlar ve programlarca üretilen teknik bilgiye göre tasarlanan STyE süreçleri, eski savaşçıların silahlı mücadeleden sivil hayata geçişini ele almanın standart bir yolu haline gelmiştir. Bununla birlikte, STyE’nin bileşenleri olan silahsızlanma-terhis-yeniden entegrasyon öğelerine yönelik yerel düzeyde eleştiriler ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bu çalışma, belirtilen bu eleştirileri, eski savaşçıların bakış açılarına odaklanarak, Kolombiya barış süreci örneği üzerinden incelemektedir. Kolombiya'da icra edilen kapsamlı bir saha çalışmasına dayanan bu çalışma, eski savaşçıların DDR bileşenlerine nasıl ve neden karşı çıktığını araştırmaktadır. Eski FARC üyeleri, silahsızlanma ve terhis kavramlarına, bu kavramlar bir yenilgi fikrine işaret ettiği için karşı gelmektedirler. Ayrıca Kolombiya’da “yeniden entegrasyon” kavramı bireysel teslim olmaya dayanan farklı bir süreci tanımladığından, bu kavram da eski FARC üyelerince reddedilmektedir. Son olarak, birçok eski FARC üyesi, grubun halen siyasi arenada mücadelesini sürdürdüğünü savunarak “eski savaşçı” terimini reddetmektedir. Bu çalışma, son dönemde gelişmekte olan ve barış süreçlerinde uluslararası normlar ve uygulamalara yönelik yerel yaklaşımlara odaklanan literatüre katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

STyE, Eski Savaşçılar, Kolombiya, FARC, Barış Süreci

Local Understandings of Disarmament-Demobilization-Reintegration (DDR): Former Combatants’ Perspectives on DDR in Colombia

DDR processes, the design of which follows technical knowledge produced by international organizations and programs, have become a standard way for addressing the process of armed groups’ transition from armed to civilian life. However, the components of DDR, namely disarmament-demobilization-reintegration, may themselves be contested at the local level. This study investigates this contestation through the case of the Colombian peace process, with a focus on ex-combatants’ perspectives. Based on extensive fieldwork in Colombia, this study investigates how and why former combatants contest DDR components. Former FARC members rejected disarmament and demobilization terms since they indicate an idea of defeat. They also rejected “reintegration” since, in Colombia, reintegration indicates a different process focusing on individual reintegration. Thirdly, many FARC members refute the term “ex-combatant”, arguing that the group continues its struggle in the political arena. The study contributes to recent research focusing on domestic understandings of international norms and practices in peace processes.

Keywords:

DDR, Ex-Combatant, Colombia, FARC, Peace Process,

PDF

___

Acharya, Amitav (2004), "How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism", International Organization, 58 (2): 239-275.
Agency for Reincorporation and Normalization (2021a), "Social and Economic Reincorporation", https://www.reincorporacion.gov.co/en/reincorporation/Documents/Social_and_Economic_Reincorporation_Handbook.pdf (20.03.2022).
Agency for Reincorporation and Normalization. (2021b), "What is the Agency?" , https://www.reincorporacion.gov.co/en/agency/Pages/default.aspx (18.12.2021).
Alto Comisionado para la Paz (2012), "Acuerdo General para la Terminación del Conflicto y la Construcción de una Paz Estable y Duradera", http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Documents/AcuerdoTerminacionConflicto.pdf (10.02.2022).
Ball, Nicole and van de Goor, Luc (2006), "Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Mapping Issues, Dilemmas, and Guiding Principles", https://www.clingendael.org/publications (25.03.2022)
BBC News (2017, 26 June), "UN: Colombia FARC Rebels Complete Disarmament", https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/6/26/un-colombia-farc-rebels-complete-disarmament (15.03.2022).
Berdal, Mats and Ucko, David H. (2013), "Introduction to the DDR Forum: Rethinking the Reintegration of Former Combatants", International Peacekeeping, 20 (3): 316-320.
Carranza-Franco, Francy (2019), Demobilization and Reintegration in Colombia: Building State and Citizenship (New York: Routledge).
Charles, Mathew, Baysal, Başar and Forero, Juan Diego (2020), "A Criminal Peace. Mapping the Murders of Ex-Combatants", https://www.urosario.edu.co/Documentos/Facultad-de-Ciencia-Politica-Gobierno-y-Relacione/Observatorios/Crimen-organizado/DOCUMENTOS_OCCO_2_A_Criminal_Peace-18-nov-min.pdf (20.03.2022).
Colombian Reintegration Agency (2021a), "Historical Overview", https://www.reincorporacion.gov.co/en/agency/Pages/historical.aspx (20.03.2022).
Colombian Reintegration Agency (2021b), "Reincorporation", https://www.reincorporacion.gov.co/en/reincorporation/Pages/default.aspx (25.04.2022).
Colombian Reintegration Agency (2021c), "What is Reintegration?", https://www.reincorporacion.gov.co/en/reintegration/Pages/what.aspx (25.04.2022).
Deitelhoff, Nicole and Zimmermann, Lisbeth (2020), "Things We Lost in the Fire: How Different Types of Contestation Affect the Robustness of International Norms", International Studies Review, 22 (1): 51-76.
Dilek, Esra (2019), Reconsidering Hybridity: The Selective Use of International Norms in Turkey's Resolution/Peace Process (Unpublished Dissertation) (Ankara: Bilkent University).
Finnemore, Martha and Kathryn Sikkink (1998), "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change", International Organization, 52 (4): 887-917.
International Crisis Group (2021), "A Fight By Other Means: Keeping the Peace with Colombia’s FARC", https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/092-a-fight-by-other-means%20(2).pdf (20.03.2022).
International Security Assistance Force (2011), "ISAF Reintegration Soldiers Card", https://info.publicintelligence.net/ISAF-SoldiersCard.pdf (25.03.2022).
Jaramillo, Sergio, Yaneth Giha and Paula Torres (2009), "Transitional Justice and DDR: The Case of Colombia", https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-DDR-Colombia-CaseStudy-2009-English.pdf (20.03.2022).
Kyed, Maria Helene and Michael Gravers (2015), "Integration and Power-Sharing: What Are the Future Options for Armed Non-State Actors in the Myanmar Peace Process?", Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 4 (1): 1-20.
Mac Ginty, R. (2008), "Indigenous Peace-Making Versus the Liberal Peace", Cooperation and Conflict, 43 (2): 139-163.
Muggah, Robert and Chris O’Donnell (2015), "Next Generation Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration", Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 4 (1): 1-12.
Muggah, Robert and Matthias Rieger (2012), "Negotiating Disarmament and Demobilisation in Peace Processes: What is the State of the Evidence?", https://noref.no/Publications (22.04.2022).
Munive, Jairo and Stine Finne Jakobsen (2012), "Revisiting DDR in Liberia: Exploring the Power, Agency and Interests of Local and International Actors in the 'Making' and 'Unmaking' of Combatants Conflict", Security & Development, 12 (4): 359-385.
Özerdem, Alpaslan. (2013), "Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration", R. Mac Ginty (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Peacebuilding (London: Routledge): 225-236.
Paris, Roland (2002), "International Peacebuilding and the 'Mission Civilizatrice'", Review of International Studies, 28: 637-656.
Segura, Renata and Sabrina Stein (2019), "The FARC’s Collective Reincorporation Project: Its Impact on Colombia’s DDR", https://s3.amazonaws.com/ssrc-cdn1/crmuploads/new_publication_3/the-farc-s-collective-reincorporation-project-its-impact-on-colombia-s-ddr.pdf (20.02.2022).
Stockholm Initiative (2006), "Stockholm Initiative on Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration", https://fba.se/contentassets/96596c3f6cf04dcb8abaf771073881a4/siddr---testing-the-principles.pdf (20.03.2022).
Theidon, Kimberly (2007), "Transitional Subjects: The Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Colombia", The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1 (1): 66-90.
UNDDR United Nations Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reitegration Resources Center (2020), "Integrated DDR Standards", https://www.unddr.org (29.01.2023).
UN Department of Peacebuilding and Political Affairs (2021), "UN Verification Mission in Colombia", https://colombia.unmissions.org/en (20.03.2022).
UN Peacebuilding (2021), "The Role of DDR in Peacebuilding and Sustaining Peace", https://www.un.org/peacebuilding/sites/www.un.org.peacebuilding/files/pb_review_thematic_paper_orolsi_ddrs_-_role_of_ddr_in_pb_and_sp-final.pdf (20.03.2022).
United Nations (2005), "Administrative and Budgetary Aspects of the Financing of the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations", https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/549756?ln=en (20.03.2022).
United Nations (2014), "Operational Guide to the Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Standards", http://unddr.org/uploads/documents/Operational%20Guide.pdf (15.03.2022).
United Nations Peacekeeping. (2021), "Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration", https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/disarmament-demobilization-and-reintegration (05.03.2022)
UNSC (2017), "Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Colombia", https://colombia.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/last_sg_report_on_the_un_mission_in_colombia_eng.pdf (20.03.2022).
Truth Commission Final Report (2022), https://www.comisiondelaverdad.co/hay-futuro-si-hay-verdad (20.03.2022).
Wiener, Antje (2004), "Contested Compliance: Interventions on the Normative Structure of World Politics", European Journal of International Relations, 10 (2): 189-234.